August 27

• August 27, 1626
  Danish forces and allies are soundly defeated at Lutter-am-Barenberg by an army of the Catholic League under Czech leader Wallenstein, marking the end of Danish intervention in European wars
• August 27, 1689
  Peter the Great takes power from his half-sister Sophia and assumes Russian throne, starting politics of modernization and westernization of traditionalist social systems
• August 27, 1776
  The Americans are defeated by the British at the Battle of Long Island, New York
• August 27, 1783
  The first unmanned hydrogen balloon flight, made by Jacques Charles, successfully completes its flight in Paris reaching 900 meter altitude
• August 27, 1813
  Napoleon defeat The Allies at the Battle of Dresden
• August 27, 1849
  Venice, under Daniele Manin, surrender to Austrians under Field Marshal Radetzky, following a siege since July 20 after proclaiming independence
• August 27, 1883
  Explosion of volcano with a force of 1,300 megatons on the island Krakatoa causes the tidal waves in Indonesia's Sunda Strait, which claims some 36,417 lives in Java and Sumatra
• August 27, 1896
  Zanzibar loses to England in a 38-minute war, the shortest war in history, which begins after the death of the pro-British Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini and the succession of Sultan Khalid bin Barghash
• August 27, 1913
  Lieutenant Peter Nestrov, of Imperial Russian Air Service, performs a loop in a monoplane at Kiev, the first aerobatic maneuver in an airplane
• August 27, 1928
  Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed by the USA, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Poland, renouncing war as an instrument of national policy in relations with one another
• August 27, 1939
  Heinkel He 178, the world's first aircraft to fly under turbojet power, makes the first flight, piloted by Erich Warsit

August 22

• August 22, 634
  Abu Bakr, successor of Mohammed and first Caliph, dies; Umar, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, becomes the second Caliph
• August 22, 1138
  The english defeat Scots at the battle of the Standard
• August 22, 1236
  Volkwin, the Master of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, is defeated and killed by the Samogitians at the Battle of Saule which causes merging the order into the Teutonic Order
• August 22, 1350
  Philip VI of Valois, King of France, dies; John II of France succeeds
• August 22, 1485
  England's King Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet kings, is killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, that ends the War of the Roses and establishes the Tudor dynasty in England
• August 22, 1614
  Trades people under Vincent Fettmilch chase and plunder Jews out of ghetto in Frankfurt
• August 22, 1642
  Civil war in England, resulted in the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king, begins as King Charles I declared war on the Puritan Parliament at Nottingham
• August 22, 1676
  Ole Rømer, a Danish astronomer, publishes the first measurement of the speed of light based on the times of the eclipses of Io, the moon of Jupiter
• August 22, 1717
  The Austrian army under Eugene of Savoy force the Turkish army out of Belgrade, ending the Turkish revival in the Balkans
• August 22, 1787
  Inventor John Fitch demonstrates his steamboat, the Perseverance, on the Delaware River to delegates of the Continental Congress
• August 22, 1791
  Haitian Revolution, the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state, begins in the French colony of Saint-Domingue
• August 22, 1831
  Nat Turner's Rebellion, a slave rebellion in Virginia, which claimed from 55 to 65 people, is suppressed by white militias
• August 22, 1849
  Earliest recorded air raid occurs, as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice
• February 12, 1851
  Gold fields are discovered by gold prospector Edward Hargraves in New South Wales, Australia, starting Victorian gold rush
• August 22, 1864
  In Geneva, Switzerland, representatives of 12 nations agreed to sign the First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field"
• August 22, 1875
  Russia recognizes Japan's control over the 4 southernmost Kuril Islands and by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg and gets all rights over Sakhalin in exchange
• August 22, 1910
  Imperial Japan annexes Korea bringing to a close the Joseon Dynasty and starting the modernization and industrialization in the peninsula
• August 22, 1932
  The British Broadcasting Corporation begins experimental regular TV broadcasts
• August 22, 1942
  Brazil declares war on Germany
• August 22, 1969
  Hurricane Camille strikes U.S. Gulf Coast and kills 255
• August 22, 2006
  The International Congress of Mathematicians awards Russian mathematician Grigori Perelman the Fields Medal for proving the Poincare conjecture, one of seven Millennium Prize Problems, but Perelman refuses the medal
• August 22, 2007
  Myanmar government arrests thirteen dissidents who led protests against huge rises in fuel prices
• August 22, 2008
  Pirates hijack German, Iranian, and Japanese cargo ships off the coast of Somalia, in seven such attacks since June 20

June 23

• June 23, 207 BC
  Carthage is defeated by Roman armies led by the consuls Marcus Livius and Gaius Claudius Nero in the Battle of the Metaurus, while Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is killed, which becomes key battle in the Second Punic War
• June 23, 1606
  Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary
• June 23, 1757
  Forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive defeat Indians in Battle of Plassey marking the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity
• June 23, 1758
  British and Hanoverian armies defeat the French at Krefeld in Germany
• June 23, 1775
  First regatta is hold on Thames, England
• June 23, 1845
  The congress of the Republic of Texas vote to accept annexation by the US after 10 years as an independent republic
• June 23, 1848
  A bloody insurrection of workers in Paris, later ruthlessly suppressed by General Cavaignac, erupts to protest inflation, unemployment and corruption
• June 23, 1865
  Confederate General Stand Watie, who was also a Cherokee chief, surrenders the last sizable Confederate army at Fort Towson, in the Oklahoma Territory
• June 23, 1894
  The International Olympic Committee is created by French Baron Pierre de Coubertin with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president
• June 23, 1938
  Marineland, the world's first oceanarium, opens in Florida, United States
• June 23, 1956
  Gamal Abdel Nasser is elected president of Egypt and new constitution of Egypt is accepted at referendum
• June 23, 1960
  Food and Drug Administration, a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, approve Enovid, the first combined oral contraceptive pill, for contraceptive use
• June 23, 2010
  Marina Bay Sands, a casino-based vacation resort, is officially opened in Singapore and becomes the 2nd most expensive building in the world

June 17

• June 17, 362
  Roman emperor Julian decrees religious toleration in the empire and attempts to reestablish paganism
• June 17, 1397
  The Union of Kalmar, which grows out of the dynastic ties of the Scandinavian countries, unites Denmark, Sweden and Norway under one monarch
• June 17, 1579
  Sir Francis Drake sails into San Francisco Bay and proclaims English sovereignty over New Albion in modern-day California
• June 17, 1696
  John III Sobieski, King of Lithuania and Poland, dies
• June 17, 1767
  English navigator Samuel Wallis becomes the first European to visit Tahiti in existing records
• June 17, 1789
  The Third Estate of the Estates-General in France declare itself a national assembly, and undertake to frame a constitution
• June 17, 1797
  Mohammad Khan Qajar, cruel ruler of Persia, is killed, and his nephew Fath Ali Shah succeeded him
• June 17, 1848
  Austrian General Alfred Windisch-Grätz crushes a Czech uprising in Prague against Habsburg control
• June 17, 1930
  United States President Herbert Hoover signs the Hawley-Smoot Tariff bill, which increases some 900 American import duties, so contributing to the depth of the Depression
• June 17, 1942
  First World War II American expeditionary force lands in Africa
• June 17, 1944
  Republic of Iceland proclaimed at Thingvallir, Iceland
• June 17, 1950
  Julius Rosenberg is arrested in the US on suspicion of espionage, accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union
• June 17, 1967
  China becomes world's fourth thermonuclear power
• June 17, 1972
  Five men are arrested for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex, beginning the Watergate scandal

June 5

• June 5, 1595
  Henry IV's army defeat the and forces of Spanish and the Catholic League at the Battle of Fontaine-Française
• June 5, 1806
  Batavian Republic becomes the Kingdom of Holland
• June 5, 1832
  In Paris an anti-monarchist insurrection takes place during General Lamarque's funeral when insurgents get as far as the Rue Montorgueil and are then driven back by national guard
• June 5, 1849
  Denmark peacefully becomes a constitutional monarchy when King Frederick VII accepts a new constitution agreeing to share power with a bicameral parliament called the Rigsdag
• June 5, 1941
  4,000 people are asphyxiated in a tunnel during bombing of Chinese city of Chongqing by Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
• June 5, 1945
  The European Advisory Committee announces the unconditional political capitulation of Germany, so control of the country is divided into four occupation zones, controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union
• June 5, 1968
  US Senator Robert F. Kennedy is fatally shot and five others are wounded by assassins in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California
• June 5, 1972
  United Nations Conference on the Human Environment opens in Stockholm, Sweden
• June 5, 1981
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that five homosexual men in Los Angeles, California have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, the first reported case of AIDS
• June 5, 1982
  The first Rubik's Cube World Championships is held in Budapest, Hungary
• June 5, 1984
  The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack to flush out separatist militants from Harimandir Sahib, the most sacred shrine of Sikhism
• June 5, 1989
  The Tank Man halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Chinese military had suppressed the Tiananmen Square protests
• June 5, 1989
  The Tank Man halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Chinese military had suppressed the Tiananmen Square protests
• June 5, 1989
  The Tank Man halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for over half an hour after the Chinese military had suppressed the Tiananmen Square protests
• June 5, 2007
  NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second fly-by of Venus en route to Mercury
• June 5, 2011
  Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh travels to Saudi Arabia for treatment of an injury sustained during an attack on the presidential palace by protesters, who celebrate his transfer of power to his Vice-President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi

April 11

• April 11, 1034
  Romanos III Argyros, a Byzantine emperor, is drowned in a bath on his wife's orders
• April 11, 1241
  The army of Mongol leader Batu Khan beat forces of the Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi, a part of Mongol invasion of Europe
• April 11, 1471
  King Edward IV of England captures London from Henry VI in the War of the Roses
• April 11, 1512
  The forces of the Holy League are heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of Ravenna, while Gaston de Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, dies in battle
• April 11, 1689
  William III and Mary II swear that they would obey the laws of Parliament and are crowned as joint rulers of Britain
• April 11, 1713
  War of the Spanish Succession and French hegemony in Europe ends with Treaty of Utrecht, which cedes France Maritime provinces and the Spanish 2.5-square mile Gibraltar in perpetuity to Britain, and Kingdom of Naples to Austria
• April 11, 1741
  A Russian commission find regent Count Ernst Johann von Biron guilty of treason and sentenced him to death by quartering, but commute the sentence to banishment for life in Siberia
• April 11, 1783
  After receiving a copy of the provisional treaty on 13 March, Congress proclaimed a formal end to hostilities with Great Britain
• April 11, 1814
  Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of France, abdicates the throne, and, by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, is banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba with a pension from the French government
• April 11, 1848
  Hungary approve package of low, known as April Laws, making Kingdom of Hungary into a nation state
• April 11, 1899
  The Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War is declared in effect
• April 11, 1909
  Tel Aviv is founded by the Jewish community on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa
• April 11, 1917
  Marcel Duchamp, a French American painter and sculptor, submits for the exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists his famous work Fountain, a simple porcelain urinal signed "R.Mutt"
• April 11, 1971
  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a preeminent Bengali nationalist leader of Bangladesh, becomes the first President of Bangladesh
• April 11, 1976
  Steve Jobs finishes his first significant invention, Apple I
• April 11, 1979
  Tanzanian troops take Kampala, the capital of Uganda and exile Idi Amin from Uganda
• April 11, 1986
  Halley's Comet makes closest approach to Earth this trip, 63 million km

March 20

• March 20, 1413
  Henry IV, King of England, dies in the house of the Abbot of Westminster and is succeeded by Henry V
• March 20, 1602
  The Dutch East India Company, a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, is chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to carry out trade and colonial activities in Asia
• March 20, 1727
  Sir Isaac Newton, physicist, mathematician and astronomer, dies in London
• March 20, 1739
  In India, Nader Shah of Persia defeats the Mughals at the Battle of Delhi, then occupies and sacks Delhi taking possession of the Peacock Throne, a famous jeweled throne of the Mughal emperors
• March 20, 1760
  Great Fire of Boston destroys 349 buildings
• March 20, 1799
  Napoleon Bonaparte begins the siege of Acre defended by Turks, which becomes the turning point of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and Syria
• March 20, 1815
  Napoleon Bonaparte with his veterans enters Paris after escape from imprisonment on the island of Elba, beginning his Hundred Days rule
• March 20, 1848
  King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates in favour of his eldest son Maximilian, with beginning of revolutions in the German states
• March 20, 1852
  Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a novel based on the theme that slavery is incompatible with Christianity, is first published in book form after being serialized
• March 20, 1854
  The Republican Party is founded when former members of the Whig political party met to establish a new political party that would oppose the spread of slavery into the western territories
• March 20, 1890
  Young German emperor Wilhelm II fires republic chancellor Otto Von Bismarck
• March 20, 1964
  European Space Research Organization is established by 10 European nations for scientific research in space
• March 20, 1995
  Members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult release sarin gas on five separate railway trains in Tokyo, killing 12 and injuring 4700

March 4

• March 4, 581
  Yang Jian, a Northern Zhou official, murders Zhou royalty and proclaims himself emperor Wen, beginning Sui Dynasty in reunited China after the period of Southern and Northern Dynasties
• March 4, 1152
  Frederick I Barbarossa is elected German King in Frankfurt
• March 4, 1193
  Saladin, a Kurdish sultan of Egypt and Syria, dies
• March 4, 1386
  Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, is crowned as King of Poland Władysław II by archbishop Bodzanta
• March 4, 1461
  Henry VI is deposed and the Duke of York is proclaimed King as Edward IV
• March 4, 1665
  English King Charles II declares war on Netherlands after the Dutch Smyrna fleet open fire on English warships near Dutch colonies, beginning the Second Anglo-Dutch War for control over the seas and trade routes
• March 4, 1681
  King Charles II grants William Penn royal charter for 48,000 square miles that later became Pennsylvania
• March 4, 1774
  William Herschel becomes the first to sight the Orion Nebula
• March 4, 1793
  George Washington is inaugurated as President for the second time talking the shortest speech with just 133 words
• March 4, 1797
  Vice-President John Adams, elected President on December 7, to replace George Washington, is inaugurated as second President of United States
• March 4, 1848
  Statuto Albertino, a Constitution of Kingdom of Sardinia, is proclaimed by King Charles Albert
• March 4, 1897
  William McKinley is inaugurated as the 25th President of the United States
• March 4, 1919
  Communist International, also known as the Third International, is established by 52 delegates present from 21 countries on the Founding Congress at the Kremlin, Moscow
• March 4, 1997
  U.S. President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on human cloning
• March 4, 2000
  Sony Corporation releases the PlayStation 2 video game system in Japan, selling one million units on the first weekend

March 2

• March 2, 1127
  Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, is hacked to death with broadswords during praying in the church of Saint Donatian, Bruges, by members of influential Erembald family
• March 2, 1836
  Republic of Texas declares its independence from Mexico
• March 2, 1848
  Universal male suffrage is enacted in France, for the first time in the World
• March 2, 1855
  Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, dies of pneumonia, and his son becomes Emperor Alexander II
• March 2, 1867
  The first Reconstruction Act is passed by Congress to help former Confederate States to be re-admitted to the Union
• March 2, 1936
  Adolf Hitler issues final orders for troops to re-occupy their former garrison posts in Rhineland towns
• March 2, 1943
  Sea battle in Bismarck Sea finishes, United States and Australia win over Japan
• March 2, 1946
  Ho Chi Minh is elected President of North Vietnam
• March 2, 1956
  The French protectorate is ended and Morocco regained its independence from France by the French-Moroccan Agreement
• March 2, 1969
  Dmitri Shostakovich, a Russian composer, completes his 14th Symphony
• March 2, 1972
  Pioneer 10, an American space probe, is launched for Jupiter flyby
• March 2, 1995
  Top quark, the last of six known quarks, a fundamental constituent of matter, is discovered by Collider Detector at Fermilab
• March 2, 1998
  Data sent from the Galileo probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice
• March 2, 2008
  Dmitry Medvedev is elected President of Russia with 72 percent of total votes, to succeed Vladimir Putin in May and appointing his as Prime Minister

March 1

• March 1, 293
  Roman emperor Diocletian introduces tetrarchy, dividing power among four individuals and marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire
• March 1, 1260
  Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, conquers Damascus
• March 1, 1562
  Over 80 Huguenots, members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, are massacred by the ultra-Catholic Duke of Guise Francis in Wassy-sur-Blaise, marking the start of the First War of Religion in France
• March 1, 1565
  Estácio de Sá, a Portuguese soldier and officer, founds Rio de Janeiro in Brazil as the basis of military operations against the France Antarctique colony
• March 1, 1579
  Sir Francis Drake waylaid a Spanish treasure galleon, the Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, off the coast of Panama
• March 1, 1801
  The London stock exchange is founded, with still the only British government debt traded
• March 1, 1811
  In Egypt the Ottoman viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha massacres the Mameluke leaders of Egypt, invited to a banquet at the citadel of Cairo in honor of his son, for plotting against him
• March 1, 1864
  Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents a movie machine that was never built
• March 1, 1872
  Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, is established under the act signed into law by President Ulysses Grant
• March 1, 1896
  Ethiopia defeats Italy at the Battle of Adwa during the First Italo-Ethiopian War and ensures the first victory of an African state over a European colonial power
• March 1, 1910
  An avalanche of snow hits two trains stranded for seven days outside the Cascade Tunnel below Stevens Pass, near Wellington, Washington, USA, killing 96 and becomes the deadliest one in United States history
• March 1, 1934
  Puyi, the last Emperor of China, is crowned emperor of Manchuria
• March 1, 1936
  Hoover Dam, a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, is completed
• March 1, 1938
  Detective Comics pays Jerome Siegel and Joe Shuster $130 to transfer exclusive rights to the use of the comic character "Superman", who has its first appearance in comics
• March 1, 1995
  Yahoo! web site is founded in Santa Clara, California
• March 1, 2007
  International Polar Year, a US$1.5 billion research program to study both the North Pole and South Pole, is launched in Paris, France