August 31

• August 31, 1422
  Henry V, King of England and France, dies
• August 31, 1707
  The Treaty of Altranstädt, which settle the rights of Protestants in Silesia, is signed between Charles XII of Sweden and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
• August 31, 1756
  The British at Fort William Henry, New England, surrender to Louis-Joseph de Montcalm of France
• August 31, 1907
  England, Russia and France form the Triple Entente as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy
• August 31, 1946
  At the Nuremberg Tribunal, defendants make closing statements before the court: Hermann Goring denies all, Joachim von Ribbentrop hopes America and Great Britain are more successful versus Bolshevism
• August 31, 1957
  Malaysia gains independence from Britain
• August 31, 1962
  Trinidad and Tobago gain independence from Britain
• August 31, 1991
  Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence from the Soviet Union
• August 31, 1997
  Diana, Princess of Wales, is pronounced dead at 4:00 a.m. after a car crash at midnight in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris

August 30

• August 30, 526
  Theoderic the Great, King of Ostrogoths, dies of dysentery and is succeeded by his grandson Athalaric
• August 30, 1483
  Louis XI, King of France, dies at age 60
• August 30, 1721
  The Peace of Nystad ends the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia, giving Russia considerably more power in the Baltic region
• August 30, 1862
  Union forces are defeated by the Confederates at the Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia, the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia
• August 30, 1869
  U.S. soldier John Wesley Powell completes exploratory river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, in which becomes the first Europeans to pass through the Grand Canyon
• August 30, 1909
  Burgess Shale, one of the world's most celebrated fossil fields and the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints, is found by palaeontologist Charles Walcott
• August 30, 1963
  Hot Line communications link between Washington DC and Moscow begins in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• August 30, 1981
  Mohammad Ali Rajai, president of Iran, and Mohammad Javad Bahonar, prime minister of Iran, are assassinated by a bomb
• August 30, 1991
  American athlete Mike Powell set new world record in long jump, 8.95 m, World Championships in Athletics
• August 30, 1995
  The NATO bombing campaign against Serb artillery positions begins in Bosnia, continuing into October, simultaneously with an ARBiH offensive against the Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina

August 23

• August 23, 406
  The Roman army under Stilicho beat the Barbarians and executes his Gothic king Radagaisus
• August 23, 1305
  William Wallace, one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence, is hanged, drawn and quartered in London
• August 23, 1514
  The Ottoman Empire under Selim I gains decisive victory against a Persian army in the Battle of Chaldiran and wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids
• August 23, 1617
  The first one-way street is opened in alleys near the River Thames in London
• August 23, 1689
  French cross the Rhine, destroying Baden-Baden by fire during Nine Years' War
• August 23, 1775
  Britain's King George III refuses the American colonies' offer of peace and proclaims the American colonies in a state of "open and avowed rebellion"
• August 23, 1833
  Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire and frees some 700,000 slaves, including those in the West Indies
• August 23, 1866
  Peace of Prague, lenient toward the Austrian Empire, ends the Austro-Prussian war and leads to the creation of the North German Confederation with Prussia as the only major power
• August 23, 1903
  In Russia the Bolsheviks, who ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the Mensheviks form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party as a result of a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Juliy Martov
• August 23, 1939
  Germany and the Soviet Union sign Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with secret protocol, which defines eastern Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and the Romanian province of Bessarabia as Soviet domains of influence and western Poland and Lithuania as Germany's one
• August 23, 1942
  German forces attack Stalingrad in Soviet Union, starting 5-month-long battle of Stalingrad, the bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, with combined casualties amounting to nearly two million
• August 23, 1943
  Soviet forces recapture Kharkiv, the last stage of the Battle of Kursk, an important engagement between German and Soviet forces after which Red Army gains the initiative against the German Wehrmacht
• August 23, 1944
  Romania is liberated and King Michael unconditionally surrenders to the Allies
• August 23, 1962
  Mariner 2, an American space probe to Venus, and the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter, is launched
• August 23, 1996
  Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda, allegedly writes "The Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places," his first open call for war
• August 23, 2005
  Israel's unilateral disengagement from 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank ends
• August 23, 2006
  In Austria, Natascha Kampusch manages to escape after being kidnapped eight years ago by Wolfgang Priklopil who locked her up in his cellar; Priklopil commits suicide by throwing himself in front of a train

August 17

• August 17, 1743
  By the Treaty of Åbo, Sweden cedes southeast Finland to Russia, ending Sweden's failed war with Russia
• August 17, 1786
  Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, dies, and his nephew Frederick William II succeeds
• August 17, 1807
  Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, popularly known as the Clermont, begin heading up New York's Hudson River on its successful round-trip to Albany and becomes the first commercially successful steamboat
• August 17, 1812
  Napoleon Bonaparte's army defeats the Russians at the Battle of Smolensk during the Russian retreat to Moscow
• August 17, 1869
  Oxford beats Harvard on the Thames River in the first international boat race
• August 17, 1877
  Asaph Hall, an American astronomer, discovered the Mars moon Phobos
• August 17, 1945
  Indonesia declares independence from Netherlands
• August 17, 1960
  Gabon gains independence from France
• August 17, 1970
  Venera 7, the first man-made spacecraft to land successfully on another planet, and to transmit data from there back to Earth, is launched by USSR
• August 17, 1982
  The first commercially available compact discs are released to the public in Germany
• August 17, 1987
  Rudolf Hess, a prominent politician in Nazi Germany, commits suicide by hanging himself with an electrical flex in his cell at age 93 in Spandau Prison in Berlin, Germany, where he served 46 years
• August 17, 1998
  Decline in commodity prices triggers financial crisis in Russia and discredits the government of President Boris Yeltsin
• August 17, 2008
  Michael Phelps wins his record eighth gold medal of the Beijing Games, in the 4x100 medley relay, in record time of 3:29.34 and holds the record for most gold medals at an Olympics event

August 14

• August 14, 554
  Ravenna becomes the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch
• August 14, 582
  Death of Tiberius II Constantine, emperor of Byzantine
• August 14, 1248
  The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, the Gothic church with the largest facade in the world, is laid by Archbishop of Cologne Konrad von Hochstaden
• August 14, 1281
  Typhoon destroys Mongol fleet off the coast of Japan during the second Mongol attempt to conquer Japan
• August 14, 1385
  Portuguese under John I of Portugal defeat Castilians at Aljubarrota and regained independence from Crown of Castile
• August 14, 1385
  Union of Krewo, an act between Poland and Lithuania by which Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, converts to Christianity in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland, is signed in Kreva Castle, modern-day Belarus
• August 14, 1457
  Gutenberg's financier Johann Fust and calligrapher Peter Schöffer publish Mainz Psalter, the second major book printed with movable type in the West
• August 14, 1498
  Columbus lands at the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, a continental landmass of South America
• August 14, 1756
  French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm takes Fort Oswego, New England, from the British
• August 14, 1784
  Three Saints Bay, the first Russian settlement in Alaska is established on Kodiak Island by Russian fur trader Grigory Shelikhov
• August 14, 1790
  Sweden and Russian come to peace at Värälä, by which neither side gains any territory and Russia agrees to not interfere with Sweden's constitution
• August 14, 1791
  Haitian slaves, led by voodoo priest Dutty Boukman, gather to plan a revolution
• August 14, 1793
  Republican troops in France lay siege to the city of Lyon
• August 14, 1816
  Great Britain annexes Tristan da Cunha, a group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean
• August 14, 1842
  Seminole War ends as Indians remove from Florida to Oklahoma and United States officer William Worth declares the war to be at an end
• August 14, 1880
  Construction of Cologne Cathedral, begun in 1248, is completed
• August 14, 1893
  Paris Police Ordinance, France, issues first driving licenses, includes required test
• August 14, 1900
  Eight-Nation Alliance successfully storm and occupy Beijing after about 2 months of siege of the city during the Boxer Rebellion
• August 14, 1935
  The Social Security Act, signed by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, creates the Social Security system and introduces federal assistance for the elderly
• August 14, 1941
  US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill create the Atlantic Charter, the basis for their wartime alliance, pledging to seek to gain no territory and desire no territory changes outside of the choices of people
• August 14, 1947
  The Muslim majority region, formed by the Partition of India, gain independence from the British Empire as Dominion of Pakistan, which results in the largest mass migration in human history
• August 14, 1971
  Bahrain declares its independence from Britain
• August 14, 1971
  British begin internment without trial in Northern Ireland

August 13

• August 13, 604
  Chinese emperor Wen is murdered by Yang, his son, who succeeds the throne
• August 13, 1415
  King Henry V of England takes his army across the English Channel and lays siege on Port Harfleur in Normandy
• August 13, 1521
  Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez conquers the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico City, after an 85-day battle and completes conquest of Aztec Empire
• August 13, 1624
  French King Louis XIII names Cardinal Richelieu his first minister who becomes the world's first Prime Minister and begins to transform France into a centralized state
• August 13, 1630
  Emperor Frederick II fires Albrecht von Wallenstein, his best military commander
• August 13, 1642
  Christiaan Huygens, a prominent Dutch mathematician, discovers the Martian south polar cap
• August 13, 1645
  At Brömsebro peace is signed between Sweden and Denmark. Sweden gains the islands of Gotland and Halland from Denmark, Norway cedes to Sweden the northern provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen
• August 13, 1704
  The Battle of Blenheim, the turning point of the War of the Spanish Succession, results in decisive English and Austrian forces victory under Prince Eugene of Savoy and Duke of Marlborough over the Franco-Bavarian army
• August 13, 1787
  The Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, Yakov Bulgakov, is thrown into prison and the Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia starting the Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792
• August 13, 1792
  Louis XVI of France is declared an enemy of the people and imprisoned with the French royal family, including Marie Antoinette, by revolutionaries
• August 13, 1814
  Netherland is signed to stop the transport of slaves and returns its colonial possessions before the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars by Treaty of London
• August 13, 1826
  Alexander Gordon Laing, British Army Major, crosses on camel the Sahara Desert from Tripoli and becomes the first European to enter the fabled city of Timbuktu in Mali
• August 13, 1849
  Hungary's General Artúr Görgey surrender to the Russian forces, who invaded Hungary to help Austrian Empire in struggle against Hungarian rebellions
• August 13, 1868
  In Arica, Peru, a magnitude 8.5-9.0 earthquake occurs, with catastrophic tsunamis killing 25,000 in South America
• August 13, 1876
  Richard Wagner's monumental epic, "Der Ring des Nibelungen" is first performed in its entirety at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany
• August 13, 1898
  Manila, the capital of the Philippines, falls to the United States Army under Admiral George Dewey
• August 13, 1913
  Harry Brearley, an English metallurgist, produces the first stainless steel
• August 13, 1918
  Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is established as a public company for aircraft-engine production in Germany
• August 13, 1923
  Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is elected president of the newly established Republic of Turkey
• August 13, 1960
  Central African Republic proclaims independence from France
• August 13, 1961
  The units of the East German army close the border and begin building of the Berlin Wall

August 11

• August 11, 3114 BC
  The Mayan calendar, a system of calendars consisting of several counts of different lengths, begins in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
• August 11, 117
  The Roman army of Syria hail its legate, Hadrian, as emperor, which made the senate's formal acceptance an almost meaningless event
• August 11, 991
  Danes under Olaf Tryggvason defeat Anglo-Saxons forces at Battle of Maldon and kill Ealdorman of Essex Byrhtnoth
• August 11, 1804
  Austrian Empire is proclaimed by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who assumes the title of the first Emperor of Austria, as a reaction to Napoleon making himself an emperor
• August 11, 1918
  Battle of Amiens, the opening phase of the Allied offensive against Germany, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, ends with Allied victory
• August 11, 1960
  Chad declares independence from France and becomes one of seventeen nations in Africa to gain independence in 1960, what became known as Year of Africa
• August 11, 1966
  Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation ends after Indonesian General Suharto sign peace agreement with Malaysia
• August 11, 1984
  United States President Ronald Reagan, during a voice check for a radio broadcast remarks "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes"
• August 11, 2003
  A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 degrees C
• August 11, 2009
  The Perseid meteor showers peak at 200 observations per hour

August 5

• August 5, 25
  Guangwu of Han, one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family, establishes Eastern Han dynasty in China
• August 5, 1391
  Castilian sailors in Barcelona, Spain set fire to a Jewish ghetto, killing 100 people and setting off four days of violence against the Jews
• August 5, 1763
  Colonel Henry Bouquet decisively defeat the Indians at the Battle of Bushy Run in Pennsylvania during Pontiac's rebellion
• August 5, 1815
  A peace treaty with Tripoli, which follows treaties with Algeria and Tunis, brings an end to the Barbary Wars and the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states
• August 5, 1864
  Spectrum of a comet observed for first time, by Giovanni Donati, who determines their physical composition of the comet 1864b, which spectrum he finds containing three emitting lines
• August 5, 1891
  American Express begins the first company to develop a large-scale traveller's cheque system
• August 5, 1960
  Upper Volta, today known as Burkina Faso, gains independence from France
• August 5, 1962
  Nelson Mandela is arrested for incitement and illegally leaving South Africa
• August 5, 2016
  2016 Summer Olympics are opened in Rio de Janeiro

August 4

• August 4, 1265
  At the Battle of Evesham Edward I of England defeat forces rebellious barons under Simon de Montfort, who dies in battle
• August 4, 1347
  After an 11 month siege, French city of Calais falls to England's King Edward III
• August 4, 1578
  King Sebastian of Portugal is killed and Portuguese forces are defeated at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, in Morocco against Saadi dynasty of Morocco, which leads to Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
• August 4, 1735
  Jury acquits John Zenger is charged with seditious libel by royal governor of New York
• August 4, 1753
  George Washington becomes a master mason
• August 4, 1789
  National Constituent Assembly in France dissolves feudal system by abolishing the privileges of nobility
• August 4, 1791
  The chief item in the Peace of Sistova agreement between the Austrian Empire and Ottoman Empire returns of Belgrade, taken in 1789 by the Holy Roman emperor Joseph II, to Turkey
• August 4, 1912
  United States forces are dispatched from Annapolis to the Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, at the recommendation of the Nicaraguan president, starting occupation of Nicaragua
• August 4, 1916
  United States agrees to buy Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million
• August 4, 1944
  German Gestapo discover the hiding place of Anne Frank and family, and others hiding in a warehouse and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, but Anne's diary is left behind, undiscovered by the Germans, later found in 1947
• August 4, 1984
  The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso
• August 4, 2009
  North Korean leader Kim Jong Il pardons two American journalists, who have been arrested and imprisoned for illegal entry earlier in the year, after former United States President Bill Clinton meets with Kim in North Korea

August 3

• August 3, 1492
  Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain for "Indies"
• August 3, 1553
  Mary Tudor, the new Queen of England, enters London
• August 3, 1596
  David Fabricius discovers light variation of Mira, first variable star
• August 3, 1610
  Henry Hudson of England discovers a great bay on the east coast of Canada and names it for himself
• August 3, 1692
  French forces under Marshal Luxembourg defeat a joint English-Scottish-Dutch-German army at the Battle of Steenkerque in the Netherlands
• August 3, 1778
  The Teatro alla Scala, a famous opera house, built by Giuseppe Piermarini in neo-Classical style by order of Empress Maria Theresa, is inaugurated in Milan
• August 3, 1795
  A defeated Indian coalition meat with General Anthony Wayne in a treaty council at Greenville, Ohio and cede to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio
• August 3, 1940
  The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic is officially incorporated into the Soviet Union
• August 3, 1958
  USS Nautilus, the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine, complete a submerged transit to the North Pole
• August 3, 1960
  Niger gains independence from France
• August 3, 2005
  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the leader of coalition of conservative political groups, becomes President of Iran
• August 3, 2008
  A stampede at a Hindu temple at Naina Devi in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India kills 162 and injures 400

July 23

• July 23, 1759
  Russians under Saltikov defeat Prussians at Kay in eastern Germany, and one-fourth of Prussian army of 27,000 lost
• July 23, 1785
  Prussia's King Frederick the Great forms Fürstenbund, an alliance of mostly Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire to oppose the long-cherished ambition of Joseph II to add Bavaria to the Habsburg domains
• July 23, 1829
  William Austin Burt, an American inventor, receives a patent for his typographer, a forerunner of the typewriter
• July 23, 1868
  The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, granting freed slaves full citizenship and equal protection under the laws, however it did not spell out the extent of integration with white America
• July 23, 1920
  British East Africa Protectorate is turned into a colony and renamed Kenya, for its highest mountain
• July 23, 1952
  A military junta in Egypt under command of Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk and proclaims republic
• July 23, 1967
  Massive riot erupts in Detroit after confrontation between police officers and African American bar patrons leaving in 5 days, 43 people dead, 467 injured, and thousands of buildings destroyed
• July 23, 1972
  First Earth Resources Technology Satellite is launched for obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources, geology and mineral resources
• July 23, 1985
  Commodore International introduces the Amiga 1000 computer, which features custom color graphics and stereo sound processors, a multitasking, windowing operating system

July 21

• July 21, 365
  An earthquake with epicenter in Crete levels the Egyptian Port of Alexandria as well as the Roman outpost of Leptis Magna in Libya, while thousands people dies
• July 21, 1403
  Henry IV defeats the rebel forces of English nobleman Henry Percy in the Battle of Shrewsbury during Glyndŵr Rising
• July 21, 1669
  John Locke's Constitution of English colony Carolina is approved
• July 21, 1711
  Russia and Turkey sign the Treaty of Pruth, which ends the year-long Russo-Turkish War and stipulates the return of Azov to the Ottomans and destruction of Taganrog and several Russian fortresses
• July 21, 1718
  The Turkish threat to Europe is eliminated with the signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz between Austria, Venice and the Ottoman Empire, starting Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire, a relatively peaceful period, during which the Ottoman Empire orients towards Europe
• July 21, 1773
  Pope Clement XIV promulgates Dominus ac Redemptor, a papal brief by which the Society of Jesus is suppressed
• July 21, 1798
  Napoleon Bonaparte defeats Murad Bey and his Mameluke warriors on the outskirts of Cairo at the Battle of the Pyramids ending 700 years of Mamluk rule in Egypt
• July 21, 1822
  Agustín de Iturbide, a Mexican army general and politician, is crowned Agustín I and becomes the first Emperor of Mexico
• July 21, 1831
  The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands leads to the creation of Belgium as independent country with Leopold I, who takes the oath as King of the Belgians
• July 21, 1832
  Treaty of Constantinople grants Greek independence
• July 21, 1861
  In the first major battle of the Civil War, known as First Battle of Bull Run, Confederate forces repel an attempt by the Union Army to turn their flank in Virginia
• July 21, 1873
  At Adair, Iowa, more than seven years after the Liberty holdup, the James-Younger gang makes their first train robbery
• July 21, 1917
  Alexander Kerensky, a moderate socialist party member, becomes Russian Prime Minister
• July 21, 1925
  John Scopes, a Tennessee high school teacher, is indicted for teaching the theory of evolution to students of his science classes in violation of a Tennessee state law, and fined US$100
• July 21, 1954
  At Geneva, Switzerland, France agrees to independence of North and South Vietnam ending the First Indochina War
• July 21, 1969
  American astronaut Neil Armstrong steps off the lunar landing module Eagle during the spaceflight Apollo 11, becoming the first human to walk on the surface of the moon
• July 21, 1973
  USSR launches Mars 4 for fly-by of the red planet

July 20

• July 20, 1054
  Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicates the Bishop of Rome after legates of Pope Leo IX deposited a bull of excommunication on the altar during liturgy in the Hagia Sophia, which becomes the final step in the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches
• July 20, 1402
  In the Battle of Ankara the Turko-Mongol forces, led by Timur, the founder of Timurid Empire, defeat the Ottoman Turks and capture Sultan Bayezid I, which causes a period of crisis for the Ottoman Empire
• July 20, 1715
  The Riot Act, which authorizes local authorities to declare any group of twelve or more people to be unlawfully assembled, goes into effect in England
• July 20, 1740
  British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida fails after loss to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine
• July 20, 1810
  Colombia declares independence from Spain
• July 20, 1877
  Russian forces begins siege of Plevna during the Russo-Turkish War
• July 20, 1881
  Sioux Indian leader Sitting Bull, a fugitive since the Battle of the Little Big Horn, surrenders to federal troops
• July 20, 1903
  Giuseppe Sarto is elected Pope Pius X
• July 20, 1949
  Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria sign armistice agreement with Israel ending 19-month war of independence
• July 20, 1951
  King Abdullah I bin al-Hussein of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian in Jerusalem
• July 20, 1956
  France recognizes Tunisia's independence
• July 20, 1974
  Turkey invades Cyprus starting occupation of northern Cyprus to prevent Greek takeover of island
• July 20, 2001
  During the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy, massive demonstrations are held against the meeting by anti-globalisation groups, and pne demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is shot dead by a carabiniere

July 13

• July 13, 432 BC
  The Greek astronomer Meton of Athens invents the Metonic cycle for astronomy and calendar studies
• July 13, 1260
  Lithuanians defeat the joint forces of the Teutonic Knights from Prussia and Livonian Order from Livonia at the Battle of Durbe during the Livonian Crusade
• July 13, 1573
  After heavy losses on both sides the Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory
• July 13, 1585
  A group of 108 English colonists, led by Sir Richard Grenville, reach Roanoke Island in North Carolina and establish the first England's foothold in the New World
• July 13, 1643
  In England, Parliamentarians, led by Sir William Waller, are defeated by royalist troops under Lord Wilmot in the Battle of Roundway Down
• July 13, 1791
  The bones of the greatest French satirist, philosopher, and writer, Voltaire are enshrined in the Panthéon in Paris
• July 13, 1793
  French revolutionary writer Jean Paul Marat is stabbed to death in his bath by a young woman Charlotte Corday
• July 13, 1794
  Robespierre boycotts the Committee of Public Safety and the National convention after being denounced as a dictator
• July 13, 1832
  Henry Schoolcraft, an American geographer and geologist, discovers the source of the Mississippi River in Minnesota
• July 13, 1863
  Antiabolitionist Irish longshoremen rampage against blacks in the deadly Draft Riots, during which mobs lynched a black man and torched the Colored Orphan Asylum, in New York City in response to President Lincoln's announcement of military conscription
• July 13, 1878
  The Treaty of Berlin amended the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, which has ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and divides the Balkans among European powers
• July 13, 1985
  Live Aid rock concert is staged in London, Philadelphia, Moscow and Sydney to raise for famine relief in Ethiopia
• July 13, 1995
  Srebrenica massacre, the genocidal killing of more than 8,000 Bosniaks during the Bosnian War, ends
• July 13, 2014
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil is won by Germany

July 3

• July 3, 987
  Hugh Capet, Duke of the Franks, elected King of Franks in Senlis, succeeds to the French Throne founding Capetian royal line in France
• July 3, 1608
  City of Quebec is founded by French explorer Samuel de Champlain as a trading post in New France, present-day Canada
• July 3, 1754
  George Washington surrenders the small, circular Fort Necessity in southwestern Pennsylvania to the French, which marks the start of the French and Indian War between the French and their allies and the English and their allies in North America
• July 3, 1778
  The Wyoming Massacre occurs during the American Revolution in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania as part of a British campaign against settlers in the frontier during the war, when 360 American settlers, including women and children, are killed
• July 3, 1790
  In Paris, the Marquis de Condorcet proposes granting civil rights to women
• July 3, 1844
  Ambassador Caleb Cushing successfully negotiates a commercial treaty with China that opens five Chinese ports to U.S. merchants and protects the rights of American citizens in China, the first treaty between China and the United States
• July 3, 1863
  On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate General George Pickett leads a 15,000-man column a mile toward USA positions at Cemetery Ridge, after an hour-long cannon bombardment, however USA artillery and infantry survive, and devastate the attacking force
• July 3, 1886
  Karl Benz, a German engineer, officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen, the first purpose-built automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine
• July 3, 1918
  Mehmed VI becomes last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
• July 3, 1944
  Soviet forces liberate Minsk from Germans and destroy much of the encircled forces of German Army Group Centre during Operation Bagration
• July 3, 1962
  Algerian War ends with the independence of Algeria after 132 years of French rule
• July 3, 1988
  290 civilians are killed after the USS Vincennes shoots down Iranian Airbus Flight #655
• July 3, 2013
  President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is deposed by the military in a coup d'état amid mass protests, leading to widespread violence

June 29

• June 29, 69
  Saint Peter, an early Christian leader and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, is crucified upside down at his own request, since he saw himself unworthy to be crucified in the same way as Jesus Christ, according to Christian tradition
• June 29, 1236
  Ferdinand III of Castile conquers Cordoba, the old Umayyad capital in Spain
• June 29, 1440
  Italian League led by the Republic of Florence beat the Milanese in the Battle of Anghiari
• June 29, 1504
  Diego Mendez, one of Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small caravel and rescued the Columbus expedition, that stumbled across the Cayman Islands
• June 29, 1541
  The Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado reaches Kansas during the exploration of American southwest
• June 29, 1767
  The British Parliament approved the Townshend Revenue Acts, sponsored by statesman Charles Townshend, which imposed import duties on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea shipped to America
• June 29, 1858
  China cedes north bank of Amur River to Russia by Treaty of Aigun
• June 29, 1880
  The new king of Tahiti, pushed by the governor Henri Isidore Chessé, abdicate in favor of France
• June 29, 1881
  Muhammad Ahmad, a religious leader of the Samaniyya order, proclaims himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith in Sudan and leads a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan
• June 29, 1888
  Professor Frederick Treves performs the first appendectomy, the surgical removal of the vermiform appendix, in England
• June 29, 1913
  Second Balkan War begins, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacks its former allies, Serbia and Greece
• June 29, 1916
  Boeing Model 1, the first Boeing aircraft, flies for first time
• June 29, 1921
  Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, commonly called Nazi Party, as hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic begins

June 28

• June 28, 1577
  Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter, is born in Germany, in family of protestants exiled from Antwerp
• June 28, 1635
  The French colony of Guadeloupe is established in the Caribbean
• June 28, 1650
  Lord Cromwell set off for Scotland at the head of an army of 16,354 men
• June 28, 1675
  Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, crushes the Swedes, who invaded and occupied parts of Brandenburg, at Fehrbellin
• June 28, 1745
  American New Englanders capture France's most imposing North American stronghold on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia
• June 28, 1758
  British colonel James Wolfe issues the Wolfe's Manifesto for psychological intimidation of French forces
• June 28, 1776
  Colonists repulse a British sea attack on Charleston, South Carolina
• June 28, 1838
  Britain's Queen Victoria is crowned in Westminster Abbey
• June 28, 1914
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie are shot to death by Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip during an official visit to the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, triggering World War I
• June 28, 1919
  The Treaty of Versailles, signed by Germany and the Allied Powers, blames Germany for World War I, establishes the Weimar Republic, redraws European borders, and creates a League of Nations
• June 28, 1935
  United States President Franklin Roosevelt orders the construction of a gold vault at Fort Knox, Kentucky
• June 28, 1941
  U.S. President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8807, which creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development
• June 28, 1969
  Stonewall riots, a spontaneous demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid, marks start of the gay liberation movement
• June 28, 1978
  Seasat, the first Earth-orbiting satellite designed for remote sensing of the Earth's oceans, is launched by NASA

June 23

• June 23, 207 BC
  Carthage is defeated by Roman armies led by the consuls Marcus Livius and Gaius Claudius Nero in the Battle of the Metaurus, while Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is killed, which becomes key battle in the Second Punic War
• June 23, 1606
  Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary
• June 23, 1757
  Forces of the East India Company led by Robert Clive defeat Indians in Battle of Plassey marking the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity
• June 23, 1758
  British and Hanoverian armies defeat the French at Krefeld in Germany
• June 23, 1775
  First regatta is hold on Thames, England
• June 23, 1845
  The congress of the Republic of Texas vote to accept annexation by the US after 10 years as an independent republic
• June 23, 1848
  A bloody insurrection of workers in Paris, later ruthlessly suppressed by General Cavaignac, erupts to protest inflation, unemployment and corruption
• June 23, 1865
  Confederate General Stand Watie, who was also a Cherokee chief, surrenders the last sizable Confederate army at Fort Towson, in the Oklahoma Territory
• June 23, 1894
  The International Olympic Committee is created by French Baron Pierre de Coubertin with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president
• June 23, 1938
  Marineland, the world's first oceanarium, opens in Florida, United States
• June 23, 1956
  Gamal Abdel Nasser is elected president of Egypt and new constitution of Egypt is accepted at referendum
• June 23, 1960
  Food and Drug Administration, a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, approve Enovid, the first combined oral contraceptive pill, for contraceptive use
• June 23, 2010
  Marina Bay Sands, a casino-based vacation resort, is officially opened in Singapore and becomes the 2nd most expensive building in the world

June 21

• June 21, 217 BC
  Roman army is ambushed and destroyed by Hannibal's army, numbering around 55,000 troops, at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, which becomes the largest ambush in military history
• June 21, 1377
  Edward III, King of England, dies
• June 21, 1547
  The great fire in Moscow destroys sections of Moscow which had been built almost entirely of wood including some building in the Kremlin
• June 21, 1607
  The Church of England Episcopal Church, the first Protestant Episcopal parish in America, is established at Jamestown
• June 21, 1661
  Sweden signs the Treaty of Cardis, in which Russia agrees to return to Sweden areas it had conquered in the Baltic lands
• June 21, 1675
  Sir Christopher Wren begins to rebuild St Paul's Cathedral in London, replacing the old building which has been destroyed by the Great fire
• June 21, 1749
  English transport ships land 2576 colonists on what is now Nova Scotia to establish a British military base, naming the town Halifax
• June 21, 1788
  New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution as the ninth state, and by the terms of Article VII it is in effect
• June 21, 1834
  Obed Hussey, an American inventor, patents mechanical reaping machine
• June 21, 1887
  Britain celebrates the golden jubilee of Queen Victoria
• June 21, 1893
  George Washington Gale Ferris, engineer, completes the construction of a 77-meter high revolving steel wheel with 38 passenger cars, each with 40 plush chairs, for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the first Ferris wheel
• June 21, 1897
  In Austria a giant Ferris wheel, designed by Walter Bassett of England, is opened in Vienna to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the accession of Emperor Franz Joseph to the Habsburg throne
• June 22, 1940
  After German blitz France formally surrenders at the signing ceremony, held in the same wagon-lit railroad car used by French Marshal Ferdinand Foch to accept the surrender of Germany in 1918
• June 21, 1948
  In a lab in Manchester, England, the Small Scale Experimental Machine computer, nicknamed "Baby" is created, the first to contain memory (128 bytes) which could store a program
• June 21, 1985
  It is confirmed by American, German, and Brazilian forensic pathologists that the body exhumed in Brazil on June 6 is, indeed, that of the German physician in Auschwitz concentration camp, Josef Mengele

June 18

• June 18, 860
  Taking advantage from Byzantine-Arab Wars, Vikings from Rus' Khaganate on 200 vessels attack and lay siege of the city of Constantinople
• June 18, 1152
  Friedrich I Barbarossa is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Adrian IV in Rome
• June 18, 1178
  In Canterbury, five men observe explosions on the Moon, likely the origin of lunar crater Giordano Bruno
• June 18, 1429
  French forces under Joan of Arc defeat the main British army at the battle of Patay
• June 18, 1643
  In England the battle of Chalgrove Field during the English Civil War ends with a minor Royalist victory
• June 18, 1685
  Monmouth Rebellion, an attempt to overthrow James II, begins in England
• June 18, 1757
  Austrian army beat Prussia at the Battle of Kolín, Bohemia
• June 18, 1812
  War of 1812 begins as United States declares war against Britain
• June 18, 1815
  Emperor of the French Napoleon, who escaped from exile in island of Elba, is defeated by British commander Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo, which brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica
• June 18, 1935
  England and Germany sign a naval treaty, limiting the German surface fleet to 35 percent of British tonnage, and submarine fleet to 45 percent
• June 18, 1948
  Long Play, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is introduced by Columbia Records and becomes a new standard by the record industry
• June 18, 1979
  Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna
• June 18, 1982
  Argentine military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri resigns, in the wake of his country's defeat in the Falklands War
• June 18, 1983
  Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space
• June 18, 1989
  Solidarity, a Polish non–communist party-controlled trade union, wins landslide victory over the Communist Party in first free elections in Poland, beginning Revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe and collapse of the Soviet Bloc in Europe