August 11

• August 11, 3114 BC
  The Mayan calendar, a system of calendars consisting of several counts of different lengths, begins in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
• August 11, 117
  The Roman army of Syria hail its legate, Hadrian, as emperor, which made the senate's formal acceptance an almost meaningless event
• August 11, 991
  Danes under Olaf Tryggvason defeat Anglo-Saxons forces at Battle of Maldon and kill Ealdorman of Essex Byrhtnoth
• August 11, 1804
  Austrian Empire is proclaimed by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who assumes the title of the first Emperor of Austria, as a reaction to Napoleon making himself an emperor
• August 11, 1918
  Battle of Amiens, the opening phase of the Allied offensive against Germany, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, ends with Allied victory
• August 11, 1960
  Chad declares independence from France and becomes one of seventeen nations in Africa to gain independence in 1960, what became known as Year of Africa
• August 11, 1966
  Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation ends after Indonesian General Suharto sign peace agreement with Malaysia
• August 11, 1984
  United States President Ronald Reagan, during a voice check for a radio broadcast remarks "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes"
• August 11, 2003
  A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 degrees C
• August 11, 2009
  The Perseid meteor showers peak at 200 observations per hour

July 10

• July 10, 138
  Roman emperor Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius succeeds
• July 10, 552
  Armenian calendar, the traditional calendar of Armenia, begins
• July 10, 1057
  According to a legend, Lady Godiva, an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman, rides naked on horseback throughout Coventry in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband
• July 10, 1460
  Richard of York defeats King Henry VI at Northampton during Wars of Roses. Henry is captured and taken to London to serve as a figurehead
• July 10, 1546
  Schmalkaldic War begins between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire
• July 10, 1584
  William the Silent, Count of Nassau, and first stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, is assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gérard with a handgun
• July 10, 1609
  The Catholic states in Germany set up a league under the leadership of Maximillian of Bavaria
• July 10, 1679
  The British crown claims New Hampshire as a royal colony
• July 10, 1690
  At the battle of Beachy Head French fleet defeats Anglo-Dutch fleet during Nine Years' War
• July 10, 1747
  Persian ruler Nadir Shah is assassinated in his sleep by Salah Bey, captain of the guards, and stabbed with a sword
• July 10, 1778
  In support of the American Revolution, Louis XVI declares war on England
• July 10, 1796
  Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician, discovers that every positive integer could be represented as a sum of at most three triangular numbers
• July 10, 1918
  Soviet Russian Republic is renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic by the Russian Constitution of 1918
• July 10, 1923
  All non-fascist parties are disolved in Italy
• July 10, 1925
  USSR's official news agency TASS is established
• July 10, 1940
  German Luftwaffe fly for Britain, who fights alone against the Axis Powers, starting the Battle of Britain, 3-month-long aerial bombing campaign during the Second World War
• July 10, 1944
  Lucien Pissarro, a landscape painter and printmaker, dies
• July 10, 1973
  Bahamas gains independence after 300 years of British rule
• July 10, 2000
  Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as President of Syria in a national referendum
• July 10, 2003
  The last of the original Volkswagen Beetle cars, produced for 69 years and produced in number of over 21 million, is built at the assembly plant in Mexico

June 24

• June 24, 79
  Titus succeeds to the throne after death of his father, Roman emperor Vespasian
• June 24, 1128
  Afonso I of Portugal defeat the army of his mother Theresa and takes the leadership of the County of Portugal
• June 24, 1314
  Robert the Bruce, King of of Scotland, defeats superior English army at Bannockburn forcing English forces withdraw from Scotland, which becomes the key point in the First War of Scottish Independence
• June 24, 1340
  The English fleet defeat the French fleet at Sluys, off the Flemish coast
• June 24, 1497
  Italian explorer John Cabot, on a voyage for England, lands in North America on what is now Newfoundland and claims the new land for King Henry VII of England
• June 24, 1535
  The Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed
• June 24, 1622
  The Dutch attempt to conquer Macau during Dutch–Portuguese War ends with fail after a three-day battle
• June 24, 1648
  Cossacks under Bohdan Khmelnytsky slaughter 2,000 Jews and 600 Polish Catholics in Ukraine
• June 24, 1664
  New Jersey, named after the Isle of Jersey, is founded
• June 24, 1692
  Kingston, Jamaica, is founded
• June 24, 1793
  First republican constitution in France is adopted
• June 24, 1812
  450,000 men of the Grande Armée of Napoleon crosses the Nieman River and begins invasion of Russia, resulting in catastrophic defeat for Franch
• June 24, 1821
  Simón Bolívar defeat the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre at Battle of Carabobo outside of Caracas
• June 24, 1859
  At the Battle of Solferino, also known as the Battle of the Three Sovereigns, the French army led by Napoleon III defeat the Austrian army under Franz Joseph I in northern Italy during Second Italian War of Independence
• June 24, 1932
  Bloodless revolution ends absolute monarchy in Thailand
• June 24, 1993
  Andrew Wiles, a British mathematician, wins worldwide fame after presenting his solution for Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that has been unsolved for more than three centuries

June 8

• June 8, 68
  Galba, a commander of Roman forces in Spain, assumes the title of Caesar beginning a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors
• June 8, 452
  Attila, military leader of Huns and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers, invades Italy
• June 8, 632
  Mohammed, the founder of Islam and unifier of Arabia, dies, and Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, becomes the first Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, the term comprising the first four "Rightly Guided" caliphs in Islam's history
• June 8, 793
  Vikings, seafaring north Germanic people, raid the Northumbrian coast in England and sack the city of Lindisfarne, beginning the Viking Age of Scandinavian history
• June 8, 1675
  Three Wampanoag Indians are hanged in Plymouth, Massachusetts for the recent murder of John Sassamon, an advisor to Metacom, a Native American Christian convert, triggering King Philip's War
• June 8, 1783
  Laki Volcano in southern Iceland begins 18-month eruption, pumping more ash into the atmosphere than any previous volcano in recorded history and wiping out 75% of the crops, which led to a severe famine that killed some 10,000 people or 20% of the population
• June 8, 1815
  The Congress of Vienna ends with creation of German Confederation, a loose association of 39 German states in Central Europe
• June 8, 1861
  One the second referendum Tennessee vote to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy, becoming the last state to do so
• June 8, 1869
  Ives W McGaffey of Chicago patents first vacuum cleaner, working with a belt driven fan cranked by hand
• June 8, 1906
  Antiquities Act, an act giving the President of the United States the authority to restrict the use of particular public land owned by the federal government, is signed by Theodore Roosevelt
• June 8, 1948
  Texaco Star Theater, one of the first successful examples of American television broadcasting, hosted by an American comedian Milton Berle, starts
• June 8, 1949
  English novelist George Orwell publishes his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, in which describes totalitarian practices
• June 8, 2009
  American car-maker General Motors files for bankruptcy, the third-largest in U.S. history and the largest ever in United States manufacturing, forcing the United States government provide US$30 billion of additional taxpayer funds to restructure

April 8

• April 8, 217
  Roman emperor Caracalla is murdered by army officer after stopping to urinate during a travel to temple near Carrhae; Macrinus becomes the 24th Emperor of the Roman Empire
• April 8, 451
  Attila's Huns plunder city of Metz and continue moving south along the Moselle River
• April 8, 1195
  Alexios III Angelos drives out brother Isaac II Angelos as Byzantine emperor
• April 8, 1341
  Francesco Petrarch, Italian scholar and poet, is crowned poet laureate on the Capitol in Rome
• April 8, 1364
  King Jean II the Good of France dies in prison at the Savoy Palace, London and is given lavish funeral, thus his son Charles V begins his rule of France
• April 8, 1492
  Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies
• April 8, 1820
  The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos by a peasant Yorgos Kentrotas
• April 8, 1898
  British General Horatio Kitchener with Anglo-Egyptian forces defeats 15,000 Sudanese Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, the leader of the dervishes in Sudan, at the Battle of Atbara, the turning point in the conquest of Sudan by a British and Egyptian coalition
• April 8, 1902
  Dmitry Sipyagin, Russian minister of interior and headed Secret Service, is assassinated in the Mariinsky Palace by Socialist-Revolutionary Stepan Balmashov
• April 8, 1904
  Great Britain and France sign Cordial Entente concerning colonial matter, marking the start of the alliance against Germany that fought the First World War
• April 8, 1911
  Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a Dutch physicist, finds that at 4.2 K the resistance in a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium suddenly vanish, thus discovers superconductivity
• April 8, 1912
  Frederick Gowland Hopkins, an English biochemist, after series of animal feeding experiments, suggests the existence in normal diets of tiny quantities of substances that are essential for animal growth and survival, later called vitamins
• April 8, 1913
  Opening of China's first parliament takes place in Beijing
• April 8, 1946
  The assembly of the League of Nations meets for last time, voting that "from this day the League of Nations shall cease to exist"
• April 8, 1962
  Evian Accords, comprise a treaty signed by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, which sought Algeria's independence from France, is accepted by referendum in France
• April 8, 1973
  Pablo Picasso, a Spanish painter, sculptor, dies
• April 8, 1994
  Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, is found dead in Seattle, Washington, where he committed a suicide by gunshot

March 28

• March 28, 193
  Pertinax, Roman Emperor, is assassinated, so rule of Emperor Didius Julianus of Rome begins
• March 28, 593
  Guntram, French king in Burgundy, dies at about age 67
• March 28, 1503
  The Second Lithuanian war with Russia ends with a treaty by which Lithuania lost a fourth of its territory
• March 28, 1776
  Mexican Captain Juan Bautista and Franciscan priest Pedro Font arrive at the tip of San Francisco
• March 28, 1797
  The scrub board, the earliest special-purpose washing device, is patented by Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire
• March 28, 1802
  Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid known to man after Ceres
• March 28, 1812
  By treaty of Bucharest, Russia acquires Bessarabia, the north eastern part of the original principality of Moldavia, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War
• March 28, 1917
  Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv and Jaffa by the Ottoman authorities in Palestine
• March 28, 1935
  Triumph of the Will, a propaganda film directed by German screenwriter and director Leni Riefenstahl, which chronicles Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, is premiered at the Berlin Ufa Palace Theate
• March 28, 1949
  Fred Hoyle, an English astronomer, coins the term the "Big Bang", arguing with the Big Bang theory on BBC radio
• March 28, 1959
  Eleven days after Tibet uprising, China dissolves Tibet's government and installs Panchen Lama while Dalai Lama is exiled from Tibet
• March 28, 1994
  Italy's right-wing alliance under Italian media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi wins election

March 17

• March 17, 180
  Emperor of Rome Marcus Aurelius dies, leaving the throne to Commodus
• March 17, 1672
  England declares war on Netherlands
• March 17, 1757
  Prince Mangkunegara I of Mataram surrenders to Hamengkubuwono I in Java
• March 17, 1776
  British forces evacuate Boston to Halifax, Nova Scotia during Revolutionary War
• March 17, 1800
  English warship Queen Charlotte catch fire and 673 officers and men die
• March 17, 1858
  The Fenian Brotherhood, a brigade of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret revolutionary group, is founded in Dublin by James Stephens
• March 17, 1861
  The first Italian Parliament declare independence of Italy and proclaim Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia the first King of Italy
• March 17, 1884
  John Joseph Montgomery makes first glider flight, in Otay, California, United States
• March 17, 1921
  Sailors revolt against the Bolshevik government in Kronstadt is suppressed with thousands casualties by Leon Trotsky, the leader of the Red Army
• March 17, 1950
  Element 98, Californium, is announced
• March 17, 1963
  Eruptions of Mount Agung Bali kills 1,500 Balinese
• March 17, 1991
  USSR holds a referendum to determine if they should stay together; 9 of 15 Soviet representatives officially approve new union treaty
• March 17, 2004
  Pogrom-like violence, organized by crowds of Albanians breaks out over two days in Kosovo, results in nineteen killed, 139 Serbian homes burned, schools and businesses vandalized, and over 30 Orthodox monasteries and churches destroyed

March 16

• March 16, 37
  Roman Emperor Tiberius dies on a trip to the Italian mainland from his home on Capri, and is succeeded by Caligula
• March 16, 1190
  The crusaders begin the massacre of Jews in York, England in which at least 150 Jews died
• March 16, 1527
  The Emperor Babur defeats the Rajputs at the Battle of Khanwa, removing the main Hindu rivals in Northern India
• March 16, 1731
  Treaty of Vienna between Kingdom of Great Britain and the Habsburg monarchy marks the collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance and the beginning of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance
• March 16, 1781
  In Colombia the Comunero Revolt among artisans and peasants in Socorro after imposition of new taxes by the viceroy stimulated, becomes the most serious revolt against Spanish authority before the war for independence
• March 16, 1792
  King Gustav III of Sweden is shot and mortally wounded during a masquerade party at an opera by a former member of his regiment
• March 16, 1900
  English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans finds old city of Knossus
• March 16, 1922
  Sultan Fuad I is crowned king of Egypt after England recognizes Egypt
• March 16, 1926
  Robert Goddard, an American physicist and inventor, launches the first liquid fuel rocket, which goes 56 meter
• March 16, 1939
  Hungary annexes republic of Carpatho-Ukraine, an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia
• March 16, 1968
  Charlie Company of United States troops kills over 500 civilians in four hamlets in Son My district, Vietnam, in what became known as the My Lai massacre
• March 16, 1978
  Amoco Cadiz, a supertanker under the Liberian flag, sinks, resulting in the largest oil spill of its kind in history to that date
• March 16, 1983
  Stravinsky Fountain, a fountain ornamented with sixteen works of sculpture representing the works of composer Igor Stravinsky, is finished by sculptors Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint Phalle
• March 16, 1988
  The Halabja poison gas attack is carried out by Iraqi government forces
• March 16, 2010
  The Kasubi Tombs, Uganda's only cultural World Heritage Site, are destroyed by fire

March 11

• March 11, 222
  Elagabalus, Syrian emperor of Rome, is murdered at age 18. Alexander Severus succeeds
• March 11, 537
  The Goths lay siege to Rome during the Gothic War
• March 11, 1566
  The Second Statute of Lithuania goes into effect by the order of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus and upholds a democracy of landowners
• March 11, 1649
  The peace of Rueil is signed between the Frondeurs and the French government
• March 11, 1702
  The first English daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published for first time
• March 11, 1792
  The British St. George's Bay Company transport a second group of settlers, including 1,196 Blacks from Nova Scotia, 500 Jamaicans and dozens of rebellious slaves from other colonies, who found Freetown, Sierra Leone
• March 11, 1810
  Emperor Napoleon of France marries by proxy to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
• March 11, 1811
  Ned Ludd, leader a group of workers in a wild protest against mechanization in Britain, begin their activity with destruction of textile machinery near Nottingham that is eliminating their jobs
• March 11, 1845
  Seven hundred Māoris led by their chief, Hone Heke, burn the small town of Kororareka in protest at the settlement of Maoriland by Europeans, starting New Zealand Wars
• March 11, 1851
  Rigoletto, an opera written by Giuseppe Verdi, is premiered at La Fenice in Venice
• March 11, 1888
  Great Blizzard of 1888 strikes the northeastern United States, resulting in some 400 deaths
• March 11, 1917
  British troops occupy Baghdad during World War I
• March 11, 1935
  Hermann Göring, a leading member of the Nazi Party, officially creates German Air Force, the Luftwaffe
• March 11, 1938
  An Austrian Nazi politician Artur Seyss-Inquart replaces Kurt von Schuschnigg as Chancellor of Austria after Hitler' ultimatum
• March 11, 1941
  The US Congress passes "An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States", known as the Lend-Lease Bill, which will provide billions of dollars of war materials to the Allied powers
• March 11, 1985
  Mikhail Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the U.S.S.R by the Politburo, which marks reorientation of Soviet strategic aims to the end of the Cold War
• March 11, 1990
  Patricio Aylwin is sworn-in as the first democratically-elected Chilean president since 1970
• March 11, 2004
  In Madrid, Spain, ten simultaneous explosions on commuter trains and in rail stations kill 190 people
• March 11, 2006
  Slobodan Milošević is found dead at age 64 from an apparent heart attack in his prison cell in the United Nations war crimes tribunal's detention centre, located in the Scheveningen section of The Hague
• March 11, 2011
  A 9.1-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of Japan, killing 15,840 and leaving another 3,926 missing, followed by emergencies declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake

March 7

• March 7, 161
  Marcus Aurelius became emperor on the death of Antoninus Pius
• March 7, 1274
  Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian, religious writer, influenced official policy of Catholic Church, dies at age 48
• March 7, 1530
  The Pope Clement VII refuses the appeal of Henry VIII of England on permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon
• March 7, 1695
  In Britain John Trevor, the speaker of the House of Commons office, is found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 guineas from the City of London to aid the passage of a bill through the house, and is expelled from the House of Commons
• March 7, 1799
  Napoleon Bonaparte captures the Turkish citadel at Jaffa, Palestine and orders the massacre of thousands of imprisoned Muslim soldiers claiming that he could not feed them
• March 7, 1850
  In a three-hour speech to the United Sates Senate, Daniel Webster, an American senator from Massachusetts, endorses the Compromise of 1850 as a means to defuse a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North
• March 7, 1917
  First jazz record "Dixie Jazz Band One Step", recorded by Nick LaRocca Original Dixieland Jazz Band, is released by RCA Victor in Camden, New Jersey
• March 7, 1926
  First transatlantic telephone call occurs between London and New York
• March 7, 1935
  Germany regains possession of the Saarland after plebiscite in Saar indicates a desire of 90.3 percent to join Germany
• March 7, 1936
  Germany inform foreign ministers of the re-occupation of the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, and outline a peace plan including 25-year non-aggression pacts for all countries bordering on Germany
• March 7, 1951
  Haj Ali Razmara becomes the third Iranian prime minister to be assassinated
• March 7, 1991
  Iraq continues to explode oil fields in Kuwait during its repeal
• March 7, 2009
  NASA launches from Cape Canaveral in Florida the unmanned Kepler telescope to orbit the Sun to search for Earth-like planets with the potential to host life