June 19

• June 19, 1821
  The Ottomans defeat the Greeks at the Battle of Dragasani
• June 19, 1862
  Congress prohibits slavery in all current and future United States territories
• June 19, 1867
  Mexican Emperor Maximilian is executed on the orders of Benito Juárez by a firing squad in Queretaro
• June 19, 1953
  Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of conspiring to pass U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviets, are executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York
• June 19, 1961
  Kuwait regains complete independence from Britain
• June 19, 2014
  King Juan Carlos I of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, who ascends the Spanish throne as King Felipe VI

April 1

• April 1, 1778
  Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans businessman, creates "$" symbol
• April 1, 1826
  Samuel Morey, an American inventor, patents the internal combustion engine, an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber
• April 1, 1851
  Rama IV, also known as King Mongkut, succeeds the throne of King of Siam and begins to embrace Western innovations and initiates the modernization of Siam
• April 1, 1865
  At the Battle of Five Forks in Petersburg, Virginia, General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive
• April 1, 1867
  The British government establishes the Straits Settlements, consisted of Singapore, Penang, and Malacca, as a separate Crown Colony
• April 1, 1873
  The British White Star steamship Atlantic, enroute to New York City from Liverpool with 811 passengers under Captain James Agnew Williams, sinks off Nova Scotia killing 565 people, mostly women and children
• April 1, 1933
  Germany begins persecution of Jews, boycotting Jewish businesses
• April 1, 1939
  After three years of Spanish Civil War general Francisco Franco proclaims victory in a radio speech, thus becomes dictator of Spain
• April 1, 1957
  Trial begins in Budapest, Hungary against participants' Hungarian Uprising
• April 1, 1966
  China's Cultural Revolution begins in order to impose Maoism as the dominant ideology and to enforce communism in the country by removing capitalist and cultural elements from Chinese society
• April 1, 1975
  Cambodia President Lon Nol flees for Red Khmer
• April 1, 1976
  American entrepreneur Steven Jobs and electronics engineer Stephen Wozniak incorporate the Apple Computer Company in California, United States, to sell hand-built personal computer called Apple I
• April 1, 1979
  Iran officially becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98 percent vote, overthrowing the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and forcing him into exile
• April 1, 2001
  The Act on the Opening up of Marriage, which allows same-sex couples to legally marry for the first time in the world, goes into effect in the Netherlands

March 2

• March 2, 1127
  Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, is hacked to death with broadswords during praying in the church of Saint Donatian, Bruges, by members of influential Erembald family
• March 2, 1836
  Republic of Texas declares its independence from Mexico
• March 2, 1848
  Universal male suffrage is enacted in France, for the first time in the World
• March 2, 1855
  Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, dies of pneumonia, and his son becomes Emperor Alexander II
• March 2, 1867
  The first Reconstruction Act is passed by Congress to help former Confederate States to be re-admitted to the Union
• March 2, 1936
  Adolf Hitler issues final orders for troops to re-occupy their former garrison posts in Rhineland towns
• March 2, 1943
  Sea battle in Bismarck Sea finishes, United States and Australia win over Japan
• March 2, 1946
  Ho Chi Minh is elected President of North Vietnam
• March 2, 1956
  The French protectorate is ended and Morocco regained its independence from France by the French-Moroccan Agreement
• March 2, 1969
  Dmitri Shostakovich, a Russian composer, completes his 14th Symphony
• March 2, 1972
  Pioneer 10, an American space probe, is launched for Jupiter flyby
• March 2, 1995
  Top quark, the last of six known quarks, a fundamental constituent of matter, is discovered by Collider Detector at Fermilab
• March 2, 1998
  Data sent from the Galileo probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice
• March 2, 2008
  Dmitry Medvedev is elected President of Russia with 72 percent of total votes, to succeed Vladimir Putin in May and appointing his as Prime Minister