August 31

• August 31, 1422
  Henry V, King of England and France, dies
• August 31, 1707
  The Treaty of Altranstädt, which settle the rights of Protestants in Silesia, is signed between Charles XII of Sweden and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
• August 31, 1756
  The British at Fort William Henry, New England, surrender to Louis-Joseph de Montcalm of France
• August 31, 1907
  England, Russia and France form the Triple Entente as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy
• August 31, 1946
  At the Nuremberg Tribunal, defendants make closing statements before the court: Hermann Goring denies all, Joachim von Ribbentrop hopes America and Great Britain are more successful versus Bolshevism
• August 31, 1957
  Malaysia gains independence from Britain
• August 31, 1962
  Trinidad and Tobago gain independence from Britain
• August 31, 1991
  Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence from the Soviet Union
• August 31, 1997
  Diana, Princess of Wales, is pronounced dead at 4:00 a.m. after a car crash at midnight in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris

August 30

• August 30, 526
  Theoderic the Great, King of Ostrogoths, dies of dysentery and is succeeded by his grandson Athalaric
• August 30, 1483
  Louis XI, King of France, dies at age 60
• August 30, 1721
  The Peace of Nystad ends the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia, giving Russia considerably more power in the Baltic region
• August 30, 1862
  Union forces are defeated by the Confederates at the Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia, the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia
• August 30, 1869
  U.S. soldier John Wesley Powell completes exploratory river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, in which becomes the first Europeans to pass through the Grand Canyon
• August 30, 1909
  Burgess Shale, one of the world's most celebrated fossil fields and the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints, is found by palaeontologist Charles Walcott
• August 30, 1963
  Hot Line communications link between Washington DC and Moscow begins in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• August 30, 1981
  Mohammad Ali Rajai, president of Iran, and Mohammad Javad Bahonar, prime minister of Iran, are assassinated by a bomb
• August 30, 1991
  American athlete Mike Powell set new world record in long jump, 8.95 m, World Championships in Athletics
• August 30, 1995
  The NATO bombing campaign against Serb artillery positions begins in Bosnia, continuing into October, simultaneously with an ARBiH offensive against the Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina

August 23

• August 23, 406
  The Roman army under Stilicho beat the Barbarians and executes his Gothic king Radagaisus
• August 23, 1305
  William Wallace, one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence, is hanged, drawn and quartered in London
• August 23, 1514
  The Ottoman Empire under Selim I gains decisive victory against a Persian army in the Battle of Chaldiran and wrests Eastern Anatolia from the Safavids
• August 23, 1617
  The first one-way street is opened in alleys near the River Thames in London
• August 23, 1689
  French cross the Rhine, destroying Baden-Baden by fire during Nine Years' War
• August 23, 1775
  Britain's King George III refuses the American colonies' offer of peace and proclaims the American colonies in a state of "open and avowed rebellion"
• August 23, 1833
  Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire and frees some 700,000 slaves, including those in the West Indies
• August 23, 1866
  Peace of Prague, lenient toward the Austrian Empire, ends the Austro-Prussian war and leads to the creation of the North German Confederation with Prussia as the only major power
• August 23, 1903
  In Russia the Bolsheviks, who ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the Mensheviks form from the breakup of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party as a result of a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Juliy Martov
• August 23, 1939
  Germany and the Soviet Union sign Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with secret protocol, which defines eastern Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and the Romanian province of Bessarabia as Soviet domains of influence and western Poland and Lithuania as Germany's one
• August 23, 1942
  German forces attack Stalingrad in Soviet Union, starting 5-month-long battle of Stalingrad, the bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, with combined casualties amounting to nearly two million
• August 23, 1943
  Soviet forces recapture Kharkiv, the last stage of the Battle of Kursk, an important engagement between German and Soviet forces after which Red Army gains the initiative against the German Wehrmacht
• August 23, 1944
  Romania is liberated and King Michael unconditionally surrenders to the Allies
• August 23, 1962
  Mariner 2, an American space probe to Venus, and the first robotic space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter, is launched
• August 23, 1996
  Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda, allegedly writes "The Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places," his first open call for war
• August 23, 2005
  Israel's unilateral disengagement from 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank ends
• August 23, 2006
  In Austria, Natascha Kampusch manages to escape after being kidnapped eight years ago by Wolfgang Priklopil who locked her up in his cellar; Priklopil commits suicide by throwing himself in front of a train

August 21

• August 21, 1680
  Pueblo Indians take possession of Santa Fe and drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692 during the Pueblo Revolt
• August 21, 1770
  British navigator, James Cook formally claims the East Coast of Australia for Great Britain, naming it New South Wales during his first voyage
• August 21, 1808
  Napoleon Bonaparte's General Jean-Andoche Junot is defeated by British General Arthur Wellesley at the first Battle of the Peninsular War at Vimeiro, Portugal
• August 21, 1810
  Sweden's Riksdag elects Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France under Napoleon, as heir apparent to the Swedish throne
• August 21, 1841
  John Hampson of New Orleans patents the Window blind
• August 21, 1944
  Dumbarton Oaks conference, which establishes United Nations, opens in Washington, DC
• August 21, 1968
  Radio Prague, Czechoslovakia, at 12:50 AM announces a Soviet-led invasion, after Warsaw Pact forces enter Czechoslovakia to end reform movement known as Prague Spring
• August 21, 1986
  A limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in Cameroon triggers the sudden release of about 200,000 tons of carbon dioxide and causes death of 1,744 people
• August 21, 2013
  1,429 are killed in the Ghouta chemical attack during the Syrian Civil War, blamed on President Bashar al-Assad

August 16

• August 16, 1419
  Wenceslaus IV, King of Germany and Charles IV's son, dies and is succeeded by Sigismund
• August 16, 1513
  Henry VIII of England and Emperor Maximilian crush the French at the Battle of the Spurs
• August 16, 1777
  American forces win the Revolutionary War Battle of Bennington, Vermont
• August 16, 1780
  American troops under General Horatio Gates are badly defeated by the British at the Battle of Camden in South Carolina
• August 16, 1793
  French National Convention declares universal conscription in the Levée en masse
• August 16, 1819
  11 people are killed in the Peterloo massacre after English police charge into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 unemployed demonstrators at St. Peter's Field that have gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation
• August 16, 1829
  The original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng Bunker, arrived in Boston from Siam, now Thailand, aboard the ship Sachem to be exhibited to the Western world
• August 16, 1940
  Foreign Correspondent, American spy thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock, is released
• August 16, 1943
  Sicily is conquered by Allied forces during Operation Husky
• August 16, 2008
  Russia signs a French-brokered peace plan with Georgia, ending their nine-day-old conflict
• August 16, 2009
  Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt sets a 100 m world record (9.58) at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin

August 6

• August 6, 258
  Pope Sixtus II, bishop of Rome, is beheaded upon orders of Emperor Valerian
• August 6, 1517
  Francysk Skaryna, a Belarusian humanist and one of the first book printers in Eastern Europe, releases in Prague The Psalter, his first edition in the Old Belarusian language
• August 6, 1753
  Georg Richmann, German physicist, dies of electrocution in St. Petersburg, Russia, during an attempt to duplicate Benjamin Franklin's "sentry box" experiment becoming the first person in history to die while conducting electrical experiments
• August 6, 1774
  Mother Ann Lee, founder of the Shaker Movement, arrives in New York
• August 6, 1806
  The Holy Roman Empire goes out of existence after the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicates as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg and reorganizing Germany under a Napoleon
• August 6, 1825
  Bolivia gains independence from Peru with Latin America political leader Simón Bolívar as the first president after 15 years of war
• August 6, 1870
  Prussia beat France in the Battle of Spicheren
• August 6, 1888
  Martha Tabram, an English prostitute, is murdered by an unknown assailant, believed to be Jack the Ripper, a serial killer, who murdered from 5 to 11 women between August and November in London's Whitechapel district
• August 6, 1890
  Convicted murderer William Kemmler, senteced to death at Auburn State Prison in New York for murdering his lover, Matilda Ziegler, with an axe, becomes the first person to be executed in the electric chair
• August 6, 1926
  Warner Bros premieres Vitaphone sound-on-disc movie system in New York, Don Juan with John Barrymore shown
• August 6, 1945
  American airmen drop atomic bomb, developed by the Manhattan Project, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing from 90,000 to 166,000 people, which becomes together with bomb dropped on another Japanese city, Nagasaki, the only use of nuclear weapons in war
• August 6, 1962
  Jamaica gains independence from Britain
• August 6, 1978
  Pope Paul VI dies at age 80 of heart attack at summer residence in Castelgandolfo
• August 6, 1990
  United Nations Security Council votes 13-0 to place economic sanctions against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait
• August 6, 1996
  NASA announces that the ALH 84001 meteorite, found in Allan Hills, Antarctica, and thought to originate from Mars, contains evidence of primitive life-forms

August 5

• August 5, 25
  Guangwu of Han, one of the many descendants of the Han imperial family, establishes Eastern Han dynasty in China
• August 5, 1391
  Castilian sailors in Barcelona, Spain set fire to a Jewish ghetto, killing 100 people and setting off four days of violence against the Jews
• August 5, 1763
  Colonel Henry Bouquet decisively defeat the Indians at the Battle of Bushy Run in Pennsylvania during Pontiac's rebellion
• August 5, 1815
  A peace treaty with Tripoli, which follows treaties with Algeria and Tunis, brings an end to the Barbary Wars and the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states
• August 5, 1864
  Spectrum of a comet observed for first time, by Giovanni Donati, who determines their physical composition of the comet 1864b, which spectrum he finds containing three emitting lines
• August 5, 1891
  American Express begins the first company to develop a large-scale traveller's cheque system
• August 5, 1960
  Upper Volta, today known as Burkina Faso, gains independence from France
• August 5, 1962
  Nelson Mandela is arrested for incitement and illegally leaving South Africa
• August 5, 2016
  2016 Summer Olympics are opened in Rio de Janeiro

July 28

• July 28, 1148
  The siege of city of Damascus by a combined force of crusaders fails ending in a decisive crusader defeat in Second Crusade
• July 28, 1540
  Thomas Cromwell, King Henry VIII's chief minister, is executed
• July 28, 1576
  Martin Frobisher, English navigator, discovers Frobisher Bay in Canada
• July 28, 1751
  In France the first volume of the Encyclopedie, edited by Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, is published with a print run of 1,625
• July 28, 1794
  French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre and 22 other followers are executed to thunderous cheers, marking end of the Reign of Terror, a period of violence against counter-revolutionary activities
• July 28, 1809
  Arthur Wellesley leads the Anglo-Spanish army to triumph against a French army under the Spanish King Joseph Bonaparte at Talavera de la Reina, some 120 kilometers southwest of Madrid
• July 28, 1821
  Peru declares its independence from Spain
• July 29, 1830
  Bourbon monarchy is overthrown during the July Revolution after attempt of Charles X to limit the political and civil rights, so the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, becomes constitutional monarch of France
• July 28, 1851
  Total solar eclipse is captured on a daguerreotype photograph at at the Royal Observatory in Königsberg, Prussia
• July 28, 1914
  Austria-Hungary invade the Kingdom of Serbia after the last reject an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia including demand of the person who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, starting World War I
• July 28, 1914
  The Foxtrot is first danced by Harry Fox at New Amsterdam Roof Garden, New York City
• July 28, 1915
  United States marines land in Haiti to safeguard the interests of U.S. corporations, staring almost 20-years-long occupation of Haiti
• July 28, 1932
  U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army to forcibly evict the Bonus Army of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C., demanding the immediate payment of their military bonus

July 24

• July 24, 356 BC
  Herostratus, inhabitant of Ephesus, ancient city in Greece, now Turkey, burns down the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, in order to become famous
• July 24, 1534
  French navigator Jacques Cartier, traveling to discover a western passage to the markets of Asia, lands in Canada and claims it for France
• July 24, 1567
  In Loch Leven Castle prison, Queen of Scots Mary, is forced to abdicate her throne to her one-year-old son James VI
• July 24, 1651
  Anthony Johnson, an Angolan black, who achieved freedom, receives grant of 250 acres in Virginia and becomes a property owner and slaveholder
• July 24, 1701
  Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac establishes Fort Ponchartrain for France on the future site of the city of Detroit, Michigan, in an attempt to halt the advance of the English into the western Great Lakes region
• July 24, 1704
  Admiral George Rooke with an Anglo-Dutch fleet takes Gibraltar from the Spanish in the War of Spanish Succession
• July 24, 1766
  At Fort Ontario, Canada, Ottawa chief Pontiac and William Johnson sign a peace agreement formally ending the Pontiac's War
• July 24, 1779
  The Siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish and French is begun
• July 24, 1783
  Georgia becomes a protectorate of tsarist Russia
• July 24, 1791
  Maximilien de Robespierre expels all Jacobins opposed to the principles of the French Revolution
• July 24, 1847
  Mormon leader Brigham Young and his followers, the first members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints arrive in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah
• July 24, 1883
  Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the English Channel, drowns while trying to swim across the Niagara River just below the falls
• July 24, 1911
  American historian Hiram Bingham III with help of local farmer Melchor Arteaga re-discovers Machu Picchu, "the Lost City of the Incas", bringing it to international attention
• July 24, 1923
  Treaty of Lausanne, signed by representatives from the Great Britain, France, Italy and Turkey, leads to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey"
• July 24, 1924
  FIDE, The World Chess Federation is founded as a kind of players' union in Paris, France
• July 24, 1959
  US Vice President Richard Nixon argues with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow, known as "Kitchen Debate"

July 22

• July 22, 1298
  King Edward I combines bowmen and cavalry to defeat William Wallace's Scots at Falkirk
• July 22, 1306
  Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property and expels about 100,000 men from France
• July 22, 1456
  At the Battle of Belgrade, the Hungarian army under prince Janos Hunyadi beat sultan Mehmed II ending the siege of Belgrade with fail
• July 22, 1587
  A second English colony of 114-150 people under John White, financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, is established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina
• July 22, 1620
  The Pilgrims, early English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, United States, set out from Holland destined for the New World via Southampton in England
• July 22, 1652
  Prince Conde's rebels narrowly defeat Chief Minister Mazarin's loyalist forces at St. Martin, near Paris
• July 22, 1745
  Second Jacobite Rebellion begins by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland
• July 22, 1795
  Spain sign the Peace of Basel, a treaty with France ending the War of the Pyrenees and ceding Santo Domingo to France
• July 22, 1796
  Cleveland, Ohio, is founded by General Moses Cleaveland while surveying the land
• July 22, 1802
  A British exploring party led by Matthew Flinders set sail from Sydney to make the first circumnavigation of the Australia and identify it as a continent
• July 22, 1812
  English troops under the Duke of Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain
• July 22, 1864
  The Battle of Atlanta reachs its peak when Confederate General John Bell Hood launches an all-out attack on Union General William T. Sherman's Army
• July 22, 1894
  The first major automobile race with prizes and a promoter is organized as a reliability trial by Le Petit Journal of Paris on the 78-kilometer route between Paris and Rouen, France
• July 22, 1972
  Venera 8 lands on Venus
• July 22, 1994
  Shoemaker-Levy Comet strikes Jupiter
• July 22, 2011
  Anders Behring Breivik kills 77 people in twin terrorist attacks in Norway after a bombing in the Regjeringskvartalet government center in Oslo and a shooting at a political youth camp on the island of Utøya

July 18

• July 18, 390 BC
  Gauls decisively defeat Roman forces and inflict heavy casualties on Romans at the battle of Allia
• July 18, 1858
  The summer Great Stink takes place when the smell of untreated sewage almost overwhelmed people in central London, England
• July 18, 1872
  Britain introduced the Ballot Act for voting by secret ballot
• July 18, 1925
  Mein Kampf, an autobiographical manifesto outlining future plans for Germany, is published by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler
• July 18, 1936
  General Francisco Franco leads uprising in Spanish Morocco starting Spanish Civil War between Republican, loyal to the democratic Spanish Republic, and Nationalist forces backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
• July 18, 1995
  Eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano in the southern part of Montserrat, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean, destroys Montserrat's capital city of Plymouth and leads to emigration of two-thirds of the island's population
• July 18, 2003
  Second Congo War ends with more than 5 million dead

July 16

• July 16, 276
  Marcus Annius Florianus, emperor of Rome, is murdered
• July 16, 1099
  Crusaders herded the Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue and set it afire during massacre
• July 16, 1212
  Spanish Christians under Alfonso VIII of Castile and Sancho VII of Navarre succeed in defeating the Moors at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which becomes an turning point in the Reconquista and marks the end of Muslim power in Spain
• July 16, 1548
  La Paz, the seat of government of Bolivia, is founded by Spanish conquistadors
• July 16, 1647
  Masaniello, an Italian fisherman, is murdered in Naples after leading a doomed revolt against Habsburg rule
• July 16, 1769
  Father Junípero Serra, a Spanish Franciscan friar, founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first mission in California
• July 16, 1774
  Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, ending their six-year war and bringing Russia for the first time to the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians
• July 16, 1801
  Pope Pius VII and First consul Napoleon sign Concordat of 1801, which solidifies the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, but maintains religious freedom
• July 16, 1809
  The city of La Paz, modern Bolivia, proclaims independence, which becomes the earliest step of the Spanish American wars of independence
• July 16, 1867
  Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patents reinforced concrete, initially developed to strengthen flowerpots
• July 16, 1918
  Russian tzar Nicholas II, his tsarina and their five children are executed by Bolsheviks by the order of Vladimir Lenin to prevent the rescue of the Imperial Family by approaching White forces during the Russian Civil War
• July 16, 1927
  Augusto Cesar Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary, begins 5.5-year war against United States occupation of Nicaragua
• July 16, 1941
  A large pocket of 16th, 19th, and 20th Armies of Soviet Union are encircled in Smolensk by the two German Panzer Groups
• July 16, 1945
  The United States successfully tests the first plutonium atomic bomb, at the Alamogordo airbase in New Mexico
• July 16, 1979
  Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam Hussein replaces him
• July 16, 1980
  1980 Summer Olympics, boycotted by 65 countries because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, is opened

July 15

• July 15, 1099
  Jerusalem falls to the crusaders after a seven weeks of siege ending First Crusade and following a massacre of the city's Muslim and Jewish population with the dead numbered about 3,000
• July 15, 1410
  Lithuanian-Polish forces defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in Prussia, thereby halting the Knights' eastward expansion along the Baltic and hastening their decline
• July 15, 1606
  The painter Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, is born in Leiden, Netherlands
• July 15, 1662
  A Royal Charter, which created the Royal Society of London with Lord Brouncker serving as the first President, is signed
• July 15, 1685
  James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth and illegitimate son of Charles II, is executed on Tower Hill in England, after his army was defeated at Sedgemoor
• July 15, 1741
  Georg Wilhelm Steller, a German botanist in Russian exploratory mission under Vitus Bering, claims to see the Alaska, American mainland and becomes a pioneer of Alaskan natural history
• July 15, 1788
  Louis XVI jails 12 deputies who protest new judicial reforms
• July 15, 1834
  Spanish Inquisition is officially abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
• July 15, 1857
  British women and children are murdered by Indian mutineers in the second Cawnpore Massacre
• July 15, 1895
  Stefan Stambolov, ex-prime minister of Bulgaria, is murdered by Macedonian rebels
• July 15, 1918
  Second Battle of the Marne, the last major German Spring Offensive on the Western Front, begins
• July 15, 1974
  TV news anchor Chris Chubbuck shoots herself in the head with a revolver on live TV, dying 14 hours later, at age 30
• July 15, 2007
  In Tacoma, Washington, USA, the second span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens to traffic, making it the longest twin suspension bridge in the world

July 10

• July 10, 138
  Roman emperor Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius succeeds
• July 10, 552
  Armenian calendar, the traditional calendar of Armenia, begins
• July 10, 1057
  According to a legend, Lady Godiva, an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman, rides naked on horseback throughout Coventry in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband
• July 10, 1460
  Richard of York defeats King Henry VI at Northampton during Wars of Roses. Henry is captured and taken to London to serve as a figurehead
• July 10, 1546
  Schmalkaldic War begins between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire
• July 10, 1584
  William the Silent, Count of Nassau, and first stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, is assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gérard with a handgun
• July 10, 1609
  The Catholic states in Germany set up a league under the leadership of Maximillian of Bavaria
• July 10, 1679
  The British crown claims New Hampshire as a royal colony
• July 10, 1690
  At the battle of Beachy Head French fleet defeats Anglo-Dutch fleet during Nine Years' War
• July 10, 1747
  Persian ruler Nadir Shah is assassinated in his sleep by Salah Bey, captain of the guards, and stabbed with a sword
• July 10, 1778
  In support of the American Revolution, Louis XVI declares war on England
• July 10, 1796
  Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician, discovers that every positive integer could be represented as a sum of at most three triangular numbers
• July 10, 1918
  Soviet Russian Republic is renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic by the Russian Constitution of 1918
• July 10, 1923
  All non-fascist parties are disolved in Italy
• July 10, 1925
  USSR's official news agency TASS is established
• July 10, 1940
  German Luftwaffe fly for Britain, who fights alone against the Axis Powers, starting the Battle of Britain, 3-month-long aerial bombing campaign during the Second World War
• July 10, 1944
  Lucien Pissarro, a landscape painter and printmaker, dies
• July 10, 1973
  Bahamas gains independence after 300 years of British rule
• July 10, 2000
  Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as President of Syria in a national referendum
• July 10, 2003
  The last of the original Volkswagen Beetle cars, produced for 69 years and produced in number of over 21 million, is built at the assembly plant in Mexico

July 8

• July 8, 810
  Pepin the Hunchback, the eldest son of Charlemagne, king of Italy, dies
• July 8, 1497
  Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer, begins his first voyage from Europe to India via South Africa
• July 8, 1686
  The Austrians take Buda, Hungary, from the Turks and annexed the country
• July 8, 1709
  Charles XII of Sweden flees to Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava during Great Northern War and effectively ends the Swedish empire, making Russia major European power
• July 8, 1730
  A magnitude 8.7 earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile, kills at least 3,000 people
• July 8, 1758
  During the French and Indian War a British attack on Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, New York, is foiled by the French when some 3,500 Frenchmen defeat the British army of 15,000, which lost 2,000 men
• July 8, 1776
  Colonel John Nixon gives first public reading of Declaration of Independence
• July 8, 1853
  An expedition led by United States Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Japan on the steam-powered "Black Ships" and threatens the Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade
• July 8, 1889
  In Mississippi Jake Kilrain fights boxing champion John L. Sullivan in the last world heavyweight championship prizefight decided with bare knuckles under London Prize Ring rules in history
• July 8, 1969
  United States troops begin to withdrawal from Vietnam
• July 8, 1994
  Kim II Sung, the leader of North Korea since 1945, dies at age 82
• July 8, 1997
  NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999
• July 8, 2014
  Amid growing tensions between Israel and Hamas following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in June, Israel launches Operation Protective Edge on the Palestinian Gaza Strip starting with numerous missile strikes

July 7

• July 7, 1307
  Edward I of England dies in Scotland, Edward II succeeds and withdraws English forces from Scotland
• July 7, 1438
  King Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges which limits the authority of the pope over the Church within France
• July 7, 1797
  The US House of Representatives exercise its constitutional power of impeachment, and vote to charge Senator William Blount of Tennessee, who becomes the first US senator to be expelled by impeachment
• July 7, 1807
  Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia sign a treaty at Tilsit which ends war between their empires and isolates Britain from continent, marking high-water mark of Napoleon's empire
• July 7, 1846
  United States annexation of California is proclaimed at Monterey after Commodore John Sloat captures Monterey unopposed and claims California for the US
• July 7, 1892
  Andrés Bonifacio establishes the revolutionary secret society Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan, with aim being to liberate the Philippines from Spain
• July 7, 1898
  President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution, officially annexing Hawaii to the United States
• July 7, 1927
  First disc-jockey presentation of a batch of music recordings, by Christopher Stone, for BBC radio
• July 7, 1937
  Chinese and Japanese troops exchange fire in the vicinity of the Marco Polo bridge in Beijing, which marks the beginning of total war between the two countries, known as Second Sino-Japanese War
• July 7, 1939
  The Rules of the Game, a French film called one of the greatest movie in the history of cinema, is released
• July 7, 1978
  The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom
• July 7, 1983
  Eleven-year-old Samantha Smith of Manchester, Maine, leaves for USSR, on invitation of Soviet leader Yuri Andropov in response on a letter about relations between the Soviet Union and the United States
• July 7, 2005
  Four terror attacks, 3 on the London Underground and 1 on a bus, rock the transport network in London, killing 52 and injuring over 700
• July 7, 2011
  The world's first artificial organ transplant is achieved, using an artificial windpipe coated with stem cells

July 5

• July 5, 1811
  The congress of Venezuela declares the nation's independence from Spain making Venezuela the first to declare independence during Latin American wars of independence when most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires
• July 5, 1830
  France starts a 40 year conquest of Algeria with a naval bombardment by a fleet under Admiral Duperré, and a landing by troops
• July 5, 1841
  Thomas Cook, an English entrepreneur, opens the first travel agency as he arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling per person for rail tickets and food for a group of 540 temperance campaigners from Leicester to a rally in Loughborough
• July 5, 1865
  William Booth, a British Methodist preacher, founds the Salvation Army in east London to serve the poor and homeless
• July 5, 1932
  António de Oliveira Salazar, a Portuguese professor and politician, becomes dictator of fascist Portugal
• July 5, 1943
  German Central Army Group and Southern Army Group, about 900,000 troops, begin Operation Citadel, an attack around the Kursk salient in the Ukraine
• July 5, 1945
  Winston Churchill is defeated in United Kingdom general election by Labour party, so Clement Attlee becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
• July 5, 1946
  Louis Reard's bikini swimsuit design debuts at a Paris fashion show, modelled by Micheline Bernardi
• July 5, 1962
  Algeria declare independence after end of Algerian war
• July 5, 1975
  Cape Verde Island gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule
• July 5, 1996
  Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to have been successfully cloned, is born at the Roslin Institute in Scotland
• July 5, 2001
  Hannelore Kohl, the wife of the former chancellor, Helmut Kohl, commits suicide after she stayed in a completely darkened room in their home for 15 months due to a rare, incurable and increasingly painful allergy to light

June 30

• June 30, 827
  The allied fleets of Muslims lands in southwestern Sicily beginning the Muslim conquest of Sicily
• June 30, 1097
  The Crusaders defeat the Turks at Battle of Dorylaeum
• June 30, 1520
  Moctezuma II is murdered by the Aztec as Spanish conquistadors under Cortez fled the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan during the night and begin to plunder gold
• June 30, 1859
  French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope as 5,000 spectators watch
• June 30, 1893
  Excelsior Diamond, the second largest rough diamond of gem quality ever found, is discovered at the Jagersfontein Mine in South Africa
• June 30, 1894
  Tower Bridge, a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London which crosses the River Thames, is opened
• June 30, 1908
  The Tunguska event near Tunguska River in central Siberia, Russia, later conjectured to be a meteorite strike, explodes 5-10 km above the forest and devastates thousands of square kilometers of Siberia
• June 30, 1923
  New Zealand claims Ross Dependency in Antarctica
• June 30, 1960
  Belgian Congo gains independence from Belgium as Republic of the Congo, triggering Congo Crisis, a conflict between nationalist faction under Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and leader of country Mobutu Sese Seko
• June 30, 1963
  Cardinal Montini elected Pope Paul VI, 262nd head of Roman Catholic Church
• June 30, 1971
  Three cosmonauts die as Soyuz 11 depressurizes during reentry
• June 30, 1997
  Collapse of the currency of Thailand sparks the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis
• June 30, 2002
  Brazil national football team wins its fifth championship at the FIFA World Cup, held in South Korea and Japan

June 26

• June 26, 363
  Roman Emperor Julian receives a mortal wound in battle with the Sassanian Persians during battle of Samarra. Jovian succeeds
• June 26, 1541
  Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish Conqueror of Peru, is murdered by his former followers in Lima
• June 26, 1630
  Sweden enters the German wars, as King Gustavus Adolphus and 13,000 men, comprised of mostly Swedes, with some Scottish and Irish mercenaries, land on the island of Usedom off the Pomeranian coast after Imperial intervention in Poland
• June 26, 1721
  Dr. Zabdiel Boylston gives the first smallpox inoculation in Boston during the epidemic that has arrived by ship from Barbados
• June 26, 1794
  French defeat the Coalition Army at the Battle of Fleurus
• June 26, 1830
  Britainэs King George IV dies and is succeeded by his brother, King William IV
• June 26, 1894
  The American Railway Union with 125,000 workers, led by Eugene V. Debs, calls a general strike in sympathy with Pullman workers that blocked freight traffic in and out of Chicago
• June 26, 1909
  The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity
• June 26, 1924
  After eight years of occupation, United States troops leave the Dominican Republic
• June 26, 1936
  The Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter, flies for the first time in Germany
• June 26, 1945
  United Nations Charter, the foundational treaty of the United Nations, is signed by 50 nations in San Francisco, California, United States
• June 26, 1948
  U.S. and British pilots begin delivering food and supplies by airplane to West Berlin after the city is isolated by a Soviet Union blockade
• June 26, 1963
  USA President John F. Kennedy speaks the famous words "Ich bin ein Berliner", which means I am a Berliner, on a visit to West Berlin
• June 26, 1974
  The Universal Product Code, a barcode symbology, is scanned for the first time, to sell a pack of chewing gum in Ohio
• June 26, 1976
  The CN Tower, the world's tallest free-standing land-based structure, opens in Toronto, Canada
• June 26, 1997
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first novel about a young wizard Harry Potter by British author J. K. Rowling, is released
• June 26, 2000
  A 'rough draft' of the genome, as part of the Human Genome Project, an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA, is finished

June 24

• June 24, 79
  Titus succeeds to the throne after death of his father, Roman emperor Vespasian
• June 24, 1128
  Afonso I of Portugal defeat the army of his mother Theresa and takes the leadership of the County of Portugal
• June 24, 1314
  Robert the Bruce, King of of Scotland, defeats superior English army at Bannockburn forcing English forces withdraw from Scotland, which becomes the key point in the First War of Scottish Independence
• June 24, 1340
  The English fleet defeat the French fleet at Sluys, off the Flemish coast
• June 24, 1497
  Italian explorer John Cabot, on a voyage for England, lands in North America on what is now Newfoundland and claims the new land for King Henry VII of England
• June 24, 1535
  The Münster Rebellion, an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy ends in bloodshed
• June 24, 1622
  The Dutch attempt to conquer Macau during Dutch–Portuguese War ends with fail after a three-day battle
• June 24, 1648
  Cossacks under Bohdan Khmelnytsky slaughter 2,000 Jews and 600 Polish Catholics in Ukraine
• June 24, 1664
  New Jersey, named after the Isle of Jersey, is founded
• June 24, 1692
  Kingston, Jamaica, is founded
• June 24, 1793
  First republican constitution in France is adopted
• June 24, 1812
  450,000 men of the Grande Armée of Napoleon crosses the Nieman River and begins invasion of Russia, resulting in catastrophic defeat for Franch
• June 24, 1821
  Simón Bolívar defeat the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre at Battle of Carabobo outside of Caracas
• June 24, 1859
  At the Battle of Solferino, also known as the Battle of the Three Sovereigns, the French army led by Napoleon III defeat the Austrian army under Franz Joseph I in northern Italy during Second Italian War of Independence
• June 24, 1932
  Bloodless revolution ends absolute monarchy in Thailand
• June 24, 1993
  Andrew Wiles, a British mathematician, wins worldwide fame after presenting his solution for Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that has been unsolved for more than three centuries