July 13

• July 13, 432 BC
  The Greek astronomer Meton of Athens invents the Metonic cycle for astronomy and calendar studies
• July 13, 1260
  Lithuanians defeat the joint forces of the Teutonic Knights from Prussia and Livonian Order from Livonia at the Battle of Durbe during the Livonian Crusade
• July 13, 1573
  After heavy losses on both sides the Siege of Haarlem ends in a Spanish victory
• July 13, 1585
  A group of 108 English colonists, led by Sir Richard Grenville, reach Roanoke Island in North Carolina and establish the first England's foothold in the New World
• July 13, 1643
  In England, Parliamentarians, led by Sir William Waller, are defeated by royalist troops under Lord Wilmot in the Battle of Roundway Down
• July 13, 1791
  The bones of the greatest French satirist, philosopher, and writer, Voltaire are enshrined in the Panthéon in Paris
• July 13, 1793
  French revolutionary writer Jean Paul Marat is stabbed to death in his bath by a young woman Charlotte Corday
• July 13, 1794
  Robespierre boycotts the Committee of Public Safety and the National convention after being denounced as a dictator
• July 13, 1832
  Henry Schoolcraft, an American geographer and geologist, discovers the source of the Mississippi River in Minnesota
• July 13, 1863
  Antiabolitionist Irish longshoremen rampage against blacks in the deadly Draft Riots, during which mobs lynched a black man and torched the Colored Orphan Asylum, in New York City in response to President Lincoln's announcement of military conscription
• July 13, 1878
  The Treaty of Berlin amended the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, which has ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and divides the Balkans among European powers
• July 13, 1985
  Live Aid rock concert is staged in London, Philadelphia, Moscow and Sydney to raise for famine relief in Ethiopia
• July 13, 1995
  Srebrenica massacre, the genocidal killing of more than 8,000 Bosniaks during the Bosnian War, ends
• July 13, 2014
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil is won by Germany

June 12

• June 12, 1665
  England installs a municipal government in New York City, the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam
• June 12, 1701
  The Act of Settlement establishes the order of succession to the English throne and gives English crown to Sophia, Princess of Hanover
• June 12, 1776
  Virginia's colonial legislature becomes the first to adopt a Bill of Rights which grants every individual the right to the enjoyment of life and liberty and to acquire and possess property
• June 12, 1792
  George Vancouver discovers site of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• June 12, 1849
  Gas mask is patented by Lewis Haslett
• June 12, 1898
  Emilio Aguinaldo, rebel leader and the first president, proclaims Philippine independence from Spain
• June 12, 1944
  Germany launches the first V-1 flying bombs against Britain: from 55 launch sites, seven are able to launch a total of ten flying bombs during the night, of which three reach England
• June 12, 1963
  African-American civil rights leader Medgar Evers, aged 37, is gunned down in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, United States
• June 12, 1964
  South African justice Quartus de Wet sentences anti-apartheid politician Nelson Mandela and two of his co-accused to life imprisonment
• June 12, 1967
  Six-Day War between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria ends with conquest of Sinai Peninsula and the West Bank of the Jordan River by Israel
• June 12, 1982
  Israel invades Lebanon after an attempt of Abu Nidal Organization to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom
• June 12, 1987
  During a visit to Berlin, Germany, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall
• June 12, 1991
  Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia, the largest and most populous of the fifteen Soviet republics
• June 12, 1997
  The Globe Theater, a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare, is reopened by Queen Elizabeth II
• June 12, 1999
  NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• June 12, 2008
  A public vote in Ireland on the European Union's Lisbon treaty results in a "no" decision, by 53.4 percent to 46.6, while all members of the European Union must ratify the treaty for it to take effect
• June 12, 2009
  Official results of presidential election in Iran show Mahmoud Ahmadinejad defending his re-election with 62.6 percent of votes which lead to a series of sustained protests

June 10

• June 10, 1190
  Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany and Italy and the Holy Roman Empire, drowns crossing the Saleph River while leading an army of the Third Crusade which causes disintegration of German crusader army
• June 10, 1358
  The leader of the Peasant Jacquerie Guillaume Cale is captured
• June 10, 1605
  False Dmitriy I, an impostors, who claims himself to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, tsarevitch Dmitriy Ivanovich, is crowned Russian tsar for first time
• June 10, 1610
  First Dutch settlers arrive from New Jersey, to colonize Manhattan Island
• June 10, 1692
  Bridget Bishop is hanged in Salem for witchcraft which becomes the first official execution of the Salem witch trials, a series of prosecutions of people during which twenty people were executed and 150 others imprisoned
• June 10, 1752
  Benjamin Franklin flies a kite during a thunderstorm and collects a charge in a Leyden jar when the kite is struck by lightning, enabling him to demonstrate the electrical nature of lightning
• June 10, 1776
  The Continental Congress appoint a committee to write a Declaration of Independence
• June 10, 1861
  The Virginia village of Big Bethel becomes the site of the first major land battle of the Civil War and private Henry L. Wyatt becomes the first Confederate soldier killed in a Civil War battle
• June 10, 1916
  Great Arab Revolt is begun by the Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen
• June 10, 1924
  Giacomo Matteotti, Italian socialist deputy, is assassinated by fascists
• June 10, 1940
  Italy declares war on Britain and France
• June 10, 1947
  Swedish aircraft company Saab introduces its first car, the Saab 92, featured front-wheel drive, two doors, green paint
• June 10, 1982
  Israeli troops reach outskirts of Beirut after the invasion of Lebanon
• June 10, 1997
  Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief, Son Sen, and 11 of Sen's family members, before Pol Pot flees his northern stronghold
• June 10, 1999
  NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milosvic agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo, marking end of Kosovo War and the Yugoslav Wars
• June 10, 2002
  In the United Kingdom, Kevin Warwick carries out the first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans

June 7

• June 7, 1494
  Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, a Portuguese colony off the west coast of Africa
• June 7, 1520
  Field of the Cloth of Gold; Fabulous meeting between Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
• June 7, 1546
  The Treaty of Ardres ends the war between France and England
• June 7, 1654
  Louis XIV is crowned King of France in Rheims
• June 7, 1692
  An earthquake at Port Royal, Jamaica, causes a landslide within the harbor, generates a tsunami, and destroys ninety percent of the buildings in the city, killing approximately 2,000 people
• June 7, 1753
  Britain's King George II gives his assent to an Act of Parliament establishing the British Museum
• June 7, 1769
  Daniel Boone, an American pioneer explorer, first begins to explore the Bluegrass State of Kentucky
• June 7, 1832
  The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act which increases the number of people who are eligible to vote
• June 7, 1848
  Paul Gauguin, a French post-impressionist painter, is born in Paris
• June 7, 1905
  In a session of the Norwegian parliament, a unanimous vote proclaims that "the union with Sweden under one king is dissolved in consequence of the king's ceasing to function as king of Norway", marking independence of Norway
• June 7, 1929
  Independent State of Vatican City comes into existence
• June 7, 1942
  Americans destroy 4 Japanese carriers, 248 carrier-based aircraft and kills 3,057 at the Battle of Midway, the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II
• June 7, 1991
  Ten-Day War in Slovenia begins the Yugoslav Wars

May 27

• May 27, 1564
  John Calvin, one of the dominant figures of the Protestant Reformation, dies in Geneva
• May 27, 1629
  The Treaty of Lübeck is signed between Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire
• May 27, 1644
  After decisive victory at the Shanhai Pass, the Manchu, the people from Northeastern China, conquer China ending the Ming Dynasty and establish subsequent Qing Dynasty, which rule until 1912
• May 27, 1647
  Alse Young becomes first woman known to be executed as a witch in the thirteen American colonies
• May 27, 1679
  Habeas Corpus Act, a procedural device to force the courts to examine the lawfulness of a prisoner's detention, passes in England
• May 27, 1703
  Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg, the capital of Russia until 1918, on small Hare Island by the north bank of the Neva River ceded by Sweden during the Great Northern War
• May 27, 1738
  Turkish troops occupy city of Ochakiv
• May 27, 1895
  British inventor Birt Acres patents the first British 35 mm moving picture camera
• May 27, 1930
  The Chrysler Building, 319 meters tall skyscraper on the east side of Manhattan, opens to the public and becomes the tallest man-made structure in the world
• May 27, 1931
  Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer make first flight into stratosphere, by balloon and gather substantial data on the upper atmosphere, as well as measure cosmic rays
• May 27, 1937
  In California, USA, the Golden Gate Bridge officially opens to pedestrian traffic, becoming the world's longest span
• May 27, 1939
  DC Comics publishes its second superhero, "Batman"
• May 27, 1940
  Belgium surrenders to Germany
• May 27, 1942
  Jan Kubiš and Josef Gabcik, part of a Czechoslovak commando team from England, make an assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich, who is wounded by grenade shrapnel, and later dies of the wound, in Prague
• May 27, 1949
  Chinese Red army occupies Shanghai during Chinese Civil War
• May 27, 1952
  European Defense Community, an international organization to form a pan-European defense force, is formed
• May 27, 1952
  The first effective vaccine against poliomyelitis, an viral infectious disease, is developed by Jonas Salk
• May 27, 1969
  Walt Disney World construction begins in Bay Lake, Florida, United States
• May 27, 1977
  Two Boeing 747 passenger aircrafts collide on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands, becoming the deadliest accident in aviation history with a number of 583 fatalities
• May 27, 1994
  Alexander Solzhenitsyn, a Russian novelist, returns to Russia after 20 years in exile
• May 27, 1996
  Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire in the war, marking end of First Chechen War
• May 27, 1999
  The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milosevic and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo
• May 27, 2008
  Nepal's constituent assembly in Kathmandu, mostly consisting of communist parties, votes 597 to 4 to abolish 240 years of royal rule, becoming a democratic republic nation

April 6

• April 6, 402
  Roman army under general Stilicho, the son of a Roman soldier of Vandal birth, beat the Visigoths at the Battle at Pollentia
• April 6, 610
  Muhammad begins preaching in Mecca
• April 6, 1199
  Richard I the Lion-hearted, King of England is killed by an arrow at the siege of the castle of Chaluz in France and his brother John succeeds to English throne
• April 6, 1250
  Louis IX, King of France, loses the Battle of Fariskur in Egypt and is captured by Muslim forces
• April 6, 1348
  Laura, the love of Petrarch dies of the plague
• April 6, 1483
  Raphael, an Italian painter, is born
• April 6, 1528
  Albrecht Durer, a German painter, graphic artist, dies in Germany
• April 6, 1652
  Dutch colonists led by Jan van Riebeeck establish settlement at Cape Town, the first European settlement in South Africa
• April 6, 1762
  Winter Palace, the official residence of the Russian monarchs, designed Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli in Elizabethan Baroque style, is completed
• April 6, 1793
  Committee of Public Safety, which confer all executive power in France during Reign of Terror, is created by proposal of the Girondin leader Maximin Isnard
• April 6, 1830
  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, also known as Mormon Church, is established by Joseph Smith, who publishes the Book of Mormon in Palmyra, New York, and claims that the manuscript is based on ancient golden plates revealed to him by the angel Moroni
• April 6, 1896
  Olympic Games, revived by French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin, are opened in Athens, Greece with 13 countries participated
• April 6, 1909
  American explorer Robert Peary, assistant Matthew Henson, and four Inuit men reach the North Pole, becoming the first documented men to reach the pole, though controversy remains over accuracy of his claim
• April 6, 1912
  Electric starter motor first appears in Cadillac Model Thirty
• April 6, 1917
  United States declares war against Germany and joins the Allies for the last 17 months of World War I
• April 6, 1938
  Teflon is invented by American chemist Roy J Plunkett
• April 6, 1965
  Intelsat I, a.k.a. "Early Bird", first commercial geosynchronous communications satellite, is launched
• April 6, 1974
  Swedish music group Abba wins the Eurovision Song Festival with the song Waterloo
• April 6, 1992
  Serbian troops, following a mass rebellion of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina against the Bosnian declaration of independence from Yugoslavia, besiege the city of Sarajevo
• April 6, 1993
  A nuclear accident occurs at Tomsk 7 in Russia
• April 6, 2012
  The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali

February 28

• February 28, 380
  Theodosius I declares the Catholic Church the only legitimate Imperial religion, ending official state support for the traditional Hellenistic religions and customs
• February 28, 870
  Fourth Council of Constantinople, eighth ecumenical council ends in Constantinople
• February 28, 1667
  English colony Suriname becomes in Dutch hands
• February 28, 1813
  Russia and Prussia form the Kalisz union against Napoleon
• February 28, 1922
  Due to raise of the Egyptian nationalist movement, United Kingdom government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence, which ends British protectorate over Egypt
• February 28, 1935
  Wallace Carothers, the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont company, manufactures first nylon, a synthetic polymer processed into fibres, films or shapes
• February 28, 1942
  Japanese land in Java, last Allied bastion in Dutch East Indies
• February 28, 1953
  Cambridge University scientists James Watson and Francis Crick announce that they have determined the double-helix structure of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule containing human genes
• April 25, 1953
  Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish an article describing the double helix structure of DNA
• February 28, 1975
  The first Lomé Agreement, a trade and aid agreement, is signed between the European Community and 46 developing nations in Africa, the Caribbean and Asia
• February 28, 1982
  Hama massacre, an attempt to suppress Islamist uprising in Syria, leads to more than 10,000 deaths
• February 28, 1991
  United States led coalition grants Iraq a cease fire, after allied forces defeat Iraqi military forces and liberates Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm, marking end of Gulf War
• February 28, 1994
  United States F-16 pilots shoot down four Serbian fighter aircraft over Bosnia-Herzegovina for violation of the Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone
• February 28, 2002
  The Austrian schilling, Belgian franc, Finnish mark, German mark, Greek drachm, Italian lira, Luxembourg franc, Portuguese escudo, and Spanish peseta expires as valid currencies