July 23

• July 23, 1759
  Russians under Saltikov defeat Prussians at Kay in eastern Germany, and one-fourth of Prussian army of 27,000 lost
• July 23, 1785
  Prussia's King Frederick the Great forms Fürstenbund, an alliance of mostly Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire to oppose the long-cherished ambition of Joseph II to add Bavaria to the Habsburg domains
• July 23, 1829
  William Austin Burt, an American inventor, receives a patent for his typographer, a forerunner of the typewriter
• July 23, 1868
  The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, granting freed slaves full citizenship and equal protection under the laws, however it did not spell out the extent of integration with white America
• July 23, 1920
  British East Africa Protectorate is turned into a colony and renamed Kenya, for its highest mountain
• July 23, 1952
  A military junta in Egypt under command of Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk and proclaims republic
• July 23, 1967
  Massive riot erupts in Detroit after confrontation between police officers and African American bar patrons leaving in 5 days, 43 people dead, 467 injured, and thousands of buildings destroyed
• July 23, 1972
  First Earth Resources Technology Satellite is launched for obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources, geology and mineral resources
• July 23, 1985
  Commodore International introduces the Amiga 1000 computer, which features custom color graphics and stereo sound processors, a multitasking, windowing operating system

July 6

• July 6, 1189
  Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, ascends the throne of England after his father Henry II of England dies at age 56
• July 6, 1253
  Mindaugas, the ruler of Lithuania, is crowned in city of Novgorodok, modern-day Belarus, becoming the first and only King of Lithuania
• July 6, 1415
  Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer who spoken out against Church corruption, is burned as a heretic at the stake at Constance, Germany
• July 6, 1495
  The Holy League beat French army and temporarily expel them from the Italian Peninsula in the Battle of Fornovo, the first battle of series of conflicts known as the Italian Wars
• July 6, 1519
  Charles I of Spain is elected Holy Roman emperor as Charles V in Barcelona combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy with the Netherlands, Austria and Germany
• July 6, 1535
  Sir Thomas More is beheaded in England for refusing to renounce the Catholic church in favor of King Henry VIII's Church of England
• July 6, 1553
  Edward VI Tudor, King of England, died of tuberculosis at the age of nine, making lady Jane Grey, an English noblewoman, becomes the Queen of England
• July 6, 1685
  Royal army of James II defeat Rebel army of James Scott, the Duke of Monmouth, at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last major battle to be fought on English soil
• July 6, 1687
  Isaac Newton, an English physicist and mathematician, publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica where he formulates law of universal gravitation and stats laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics
• July 6, 1699
  Captain William Kidd, a Scottish pirate, is arrested in Boston
• July 6, 1777
  British forces under General Burgoyne capture Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain, from the Americans
• July 6, 1781
  In Virginia the Battle of Green Spring on the Jamestown Peninsula and becomes the last major engagement of the Revolutionary War prior to the Colonial's final victory at Yorktown
• July 6, 1785
  US Congress decides that the country's monetary system would be based on a silver coin called a dollar, similar to that of the Spanish dollar and adopt the first nation decimal money system
• July 6, 1788
  Bad harvests and harsh winters in France lead to bread riot in the poorer districts
• July 6, 1809
  Napoleon beat Austria's archduke Charles at the Battle of Wagram, crushing the Fifth Coalition
• July 6, 1836
  French General Thomas Robert Bugeaud defeats Abdelkader El Djezairi's forces beside the Sikkak River in Algeria
• July 6, 1885
  French scientist Louis Pasteur successfully tests an anti-rabies vaccine on a boy bitten by an infected dog, owing to the fact that the death rate from rabies dropped to almost zero by 1888
• July 6, 1892
  Homestead Strike, a major labor dispute between union steelworkers and the Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania, culminates in a battle between strikers and private security agents
• July 6, 1964
  Nyasaland gains independence from Britain and is renamed in Malawi
• July 6, 1967
  Biafran War, or Nigerian Civil War, erupts as Nigerian forces invade Biafra, seceded May 30
• July 6, 1994
  Forrest Gump, romantic-comedy-drama film depicts several decades in the life of a slow-witted man, is released in the United States
• July 6, 1995
  IBM completes its US$3.5 billion acquisition of Lotus Development, making it a wholly-owned subsidiary

March 13

• March 13, 624
  Muslims under Muhammad defeat non-believers for the first time at the Battle of Badr
• March 13, 1401
  Samogitian uprisings supported by Vytautas took place against the German knights in Great Duchy of Lithuania
• March 13, 1560
  Ottoman navy defeats the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Djerba
• March 13, 1567
  A Spanish professional army under General Beauvoir defeat an army of Dutch radical Calvinists rebels under Jan de Marnix at the Battle of Oosterweel during Dutch Revolt
• March 13, 1569
  Henry of Anjou, count of Anjou, defeat the Huguenots at the Battle of Jarnac during which co-leader of Huguenots Louis Conde dies
• March 13, 1591
  Moroccan forces of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur led by Judar Pasha defeat Askia Ishaq II at the Battle of Tondibi ending the Songhai Empire
• March 13, 1610
  Galileo publishes his observations of the night sky under the title Sidereus Nuncius
• March 13, 1634
  King Louis XIII at the urging of Cardinal Richelieu granted letters patent to formally establish the Académie française in Paris, responsible for the regulation of French grammar, orthography, and literature
• March 13, 1781
  British astronomer William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus, assuming it is a comet and names it Georgium Sidus, in honor of George III
• March 13, 1852
  A familiar symbol of the United States, Uncle Sam, makes his debut as a cartoon character in the New York Lantern
• March 13, 1855
  Percival Lowell, an American businessman and astronomer, is born
• March 13, 1881
  Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, and one of the most successful Russian reformers, is assassinated at age 62 when a bomb is thrown at him near his palace by the anarchist group
• March 13, 1883
  Sergey Degayev, a Russian terrorist, shots and kills Russian Gendarme colonel Georgy Sudeykin, security chief of Emperor Alexander III
• March 13, 1884
  Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the prophesied redeemer of Islam, begins successful siege of British-led Egyptian garrison at Khartoum during the Mahdist War in Sudan
• March 13, 1920
  Wolfgang Kapp's coup attempt in Berlin, Germany, fails
• March 13, 1923
  Lee de Forest demonstrates his sound-on-film moving pictures to the press in New York City, New York
• March 13, 1928
  450 die in Saint Francis Valley Dam burst in California
• March 13, 1933
  Joseph Goebbels becomes German minister of Information and Propaganda
• March 13, 1940
  Finland and the Soviet Union end Winter War concluding the Moscow Peace Treaty by which Finland retains independence but gives up the Karelian Isthmus, Viipuri, and a small band of land north of Lake Ladoga to the Soviet Union
• March 13, 1943
  In Smolensk, a bomb disguised as two bottles of brandy is put on board Adolf Hitler's personal Focke-Wulf 200 Condor plane; the detonator activates, but due to cold temperature, the plastic explosives do not detonate
• March 13, 1989
  Six million people in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden are left without power for nine hours after a geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Quebec power grid
• March 13, 1997
  India's Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader