August 27

• August 27, 1626
  Danish forces and allies are soundly defeated at Lutter-am-Barenberg by an army of the Catholic League under Czech leader Wallenstein, marking the end of Danish intervention in European wars
• August 27, 1689
  Peter the Great takes power from his half-sister Sophia and assumes Russian throne, starting politics of modernization and westernization of traditionalist social systems
• August 27, 1776
  The Americans are defeated by the British at the Battle of Long Island, New York
• August 27, 1783
  The first unmanned hydrogen balloon flight, made by Jacques Charles, successfully completes its flight in Paris reaching 900 meter altitude
• August 27, 1813
  Napoleon defeat The Allies at the Battle of Dresden
• August 27, 1849
  Venice, under Daniele Manin, surrender to Austrians under Field Marshal Radetzky, following a siege since July 20 after proclaiming independence
• August 27, 1883
  Explosion of volcano with a force of 1,300 megatons on the island Krakatoa causes the tidal waves in Indonesia's Sunda Strait, which claims some 36,417 lives in Java and Sumatra
• August 27, 1896
  Zanzibar loses to England in a 38-minute war, the shortest war in history, which begins after the death of the pro-British Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini and the succession of Sultan Khalid bin Barghash
• August 27, 1913
  Lieutenant Peter Nestrov, of Imperial Russian Air Service, performs a loop in a monoplane at Kiev, the first aerobatic maneuver in an airplane
• August 27, 1928
  Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed by the USA, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Poland, renouncing war as an instrument of national policy in relations with one another
• August 27, 1939
  Heinkel He 178, the world's first aircraft to fly under turbojet power, makes the first flight, piloted by Erich Warsit

August 24

• August 24, 79
  The eruption of Mount Vesuvius buries the Roman settlements of Pompeii and Herculaneum under 4 to 6 meters of ash and kills 33,000 inhabitants of the town-cities
• August 24, 410
  Rome is occupied and sacked by Alaric I, King of the Visigoths, for the first time since 390 BC
• August 24, 1109
  In the Battle of Hundsfeld, Boleslaus III Wrymouth Prince of Poland defeats Emperor Henry V, incited by Bolesław's half-brother Zbigniew
• August 24, 1215
  Pope Innocent III, following a request from King John, declares the Magna Carta annulled
• August 24, 1217
  Eustace the Monk, a French mercenary and pirate, is executed by English troops
• August 24, 1516
  The Ottomans under Selim I with the support of artillery defeat the Mamluks at Battle of Marj Dabiq and gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant
• August 24, 1572
  Catherine de' Medici instigates Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris in which French protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny and thousands of Calvinist Huguenots are killed throughout France by Roman Catholic mob
• August 24, 1662
  An Act of Uniformity, a part of the Clarendon Code, is passed by the English Parliament and required that England's college fellows and clergymen accept the newly published Book of Common Prayer
• August 24, 1690
  Job Charnock, a servant and administrator of the English East India Company, founds the city of Kolkata in East India, after the Mughal emperor transfer taxation rights to the East India Company
• August 24, 1751
  Thomas Colley, an English chimney sweep, is executed in England for drowning a supposed witch
• August 24, 1780
  King Louis XVI abolish torture as a means to get suspects to confess, as part of his reforms in France in accordance with Enlightenment ideas
• August 24, 1814
  The United States Capitol and White House in Washington D.C. are burned and sacked by British General Robert Ross and Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn during War of 1812
• August 24, 1821
  Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba and becomes a constitutional monarchy after 11 years of war
• August 24, 1824
  Simon Bolivar's army beat the Spanish in Peru in the Battle of Junín
• August 24, 1853
  First potato chips prepared by Chef George Crum in Saratoga Springs, New York
• August 24, 1857
  The New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company fails, sparking the Panic of 1857, the first world-wide economic crisis
• August 24, 1936
  Australian Antarctic Territory is created
• August 24, 1940
  Edward R. Murrow, an American broadcast journalist, starts a series of radio news broadcasts from London during the Blitz, which follow by millions of listeners in the United States
• August 24, 1991
  Ukraine declares independence from the USSR
• August 24, 2006
  The International Astronomical Union defines 'planet' at its 26th General Assembly, demoting Pluto to the status of 'dwarf planet' more than 70 years after its discovery

August 18

• August 18, 1227
  Genghis Khan, a Mongol conqueror, dies, which triggers subsequent division of Mongol empire among his sons
• August 18, 1459
  City of Smederevo falls under the Turks after three-months siege completing the Ottoman conquest of Serbia
• August 18, 1588
  A storm strikes the remaining 60 ships of the Spanish Armada under the Duke Alonso Pérez de Guzmán after which only 11 are left. Many of the ships go to Ireland where most of the Spaniards are killed by the English
• August 18, 1759
  The French fleet is destroyed by the British under Admiral Edward Boscawen, at the battle of Lagos Bay in southern Portugal
• August 18, 1807
  Robert Stevenson begins work on the 35-meters Bell Rock lighthouse at the mouth of Scotland's Firth of Forth, the world's oldest surviving sea-washed lighthouse
• August 18, 1838
  United States Exploring Expedition, an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, led by Charles Wilkes, departs from Hampton Roads
• August 18, 1846
  General Stephen W. Kearny proclaims all of New Mexico a territory of the United States and declares himself the military governor of the New Mexico Territory shortly after Capture of Santa Fe
• August 18, 1851
  The Platine War for the hegemony over South America begins between the Argentine Confederation and Empire of Brazil and its alliance
• August 18, 1862
  Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota four young Sioux murder five white settlers at Acton Township, Minnesota
• August 18, 1870
  Prussian forces defeat the French at the Battle of Gravelotte, the largest battle during the Franco–Prussian War
• August 18, 1920
  Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving women right to vote, is ratified
• August 18, 1920
  Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković links Earth's periodic long-term climate changes with orbital eccentricity and full cycles of Earth's axis precession, later called Milankovitch cycles
• August 18, 1955
  First Sudanese Civil War begins between the northern part of Sudan and the southern Sudan region

August 15

• August 15, 636
  At the Battle at Yarmuk Islamic forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid beat a Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius and gain control of Syria and Palestine
• August 15, 718
  The combined Byzantine–Bulgarian forces decisively defeat Umayyad navy using Greek fire after thirteen months of siege of Constantinople, stopping the Arab threat in Eastern Europe
• August 15, 778
  The Basques, an ethnic group from western end of the Pyrenees, beat forces of Charlemagne and Roland, prefect of the Breton March, at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass
• August 15, 1040
  Macbeth kills Duncan I at Pitgaveny and becomes the King of the Scots
• August 15, 1057
  Macbeth, the King of Scotland, is mortally wounded at the Battle of Lumphanan, by Malcolm Canmore, the eldest son of King Duncan I, who was killed by Macbeth 17 years earlier
• August 15, 1261
  Constantinople falls to Michael VIII Palaiologos who transforms the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire
• August 15, 1511
  Malacca, the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca and center of East Indian spice trade, is captured by Portuguese general Afonso de Albuquerque
• August 15, 1519
  Panama City is founded
• August 15, 1549
  Francis Xavier, a co-founder of the Society of Jesus, lands in Kagoshima with the first Portuguese Jesuit missionary to rich Japan
• August 15, 1598
  Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, leads an Irish force to victory over the British at Battle of Yellow Ford
• August 15, 1649
  Oliver Cromwell lands in Ireland beginning the conquest of Ireland
• August 15, 1760
  Frederick II, king of Prussia, defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Liegnitz
• August 15, 1769
  Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France and continental Europe, is born on the island of Corsica
• August 15, 1799
  Combined army of Austrians and Imperial Russians under Field Marshal Alexander Suvorov beat French Revolutionary Army at Novi Ligure, Italy, recapturing lands taken by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796
• August 15, 1806
  Construction of Arc de Triomphe, a triumphal arch in Paris, starts by order of Napoleon in honor of the victory at Austerlitz
• August 15, 1865
  Sir Joseph Lister discovers the antiseptic process while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections
• August 15, 1867
  Second Reform Bill extends suffrage in England giving the vote to the working classes
• August 15, 1914
  Panama Canal, one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects, officially opens in Panama, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
• August 15, 1935
  Famed American aviator Wiley Post and humorist Will Rogers are killed in plane crash in Alaska
• August 15, 1944
  The Allies launch Operation Anvil, as a second Allied invasion force under Lieutenant-General Jacob Devers lands on the Mediterranean coast of France between Cannes and Toulon
• August 15, 1947
  The greater Indian subcontinent formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire as Dominion of India, with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister
• August 15, 1948
  Republic of Korea, South Korea, is proclaimed by an anti-Communist Syngman Rhee, who has been backed and appointed by the United States as head of the provisional government
• August 15, 1969
  Woodstock Music and Art Fair, widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history, opens in New York State
• August 15, 1971
  US President Richard Nixon's administration refuses to settle foreign debts in gold at $35 per ounce, dropping the gold standard, and allowing the dollar to float in foreign exchanges, also imposes a 90-day wage and price freeze

August 14

• August 14, 554
  Ravenna becomes the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch
• August 14, 582
  Death of Tiberius II Constantine, emperor of Byzantine
• August 14, 1248
  The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral, the Gothic church with the largest facade in the world, is laid by Archbishop of Cologne Konrad von Hochstaden
• August 14, 1281
  Typhoon destroys Mongol fleet off the coast of Japan during the second Mongol attempt to conquer Japan
• August 14, 1385
  Portuguese under John I of Portugal defeat Castilians at Aljubarrota and regained independence from Crown of Castile
• August 14, 1385
  Union of Krewo, an act between Poland and Lithuania by which Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, converts to Christianity in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland, is signed in Kreva Castle, modern-day Belarus
• August 14, 1457
  Gutenberg's financier Johann Fust and calligrapher Peter Schöffer publish Mainz Psalter, the second major book printed with movable type in the West
• August 14, 1498
  Columbus lands at the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, a continental landmass of South America
• August 14, 1756
  French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm takes Fort Oswego, New England, from the British
• August 14, 1784
  Three Saints Bay, the first Russian settlement in Alaska is established on Kodiak Island by Russian fur trader Grigory Shelikhov
• August 14, 1790
  Sweden and Russian come to peace at Värälä, by which neither side gains any territory and Russia agrees to not interfere with Sweden's constitution
• August 14, 1791
  Haitian slaves, led by voodoo priest Dutty Boukman, gather to plan a revolution
• August 14, 1793
  Republican troops in France lay siege to the city of Lyon
• August 14, 1816
  Great Britain annexes Tristan da Cunha, a group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean
• August 14, 1842
  Seminole War ends as Indians remove from Florida to Oklahoma and United States officer William Worth declares the war to be at an end
• August 14, 1880
  Construction of Cologne Cathedral, begun in 1248, is completed
• August 14, 1893
  Paris Police Ordinance, France, issues first driving licenses, includes required test
• August 14, 1900
  Eight-Nation Alliance successfully storm and occupy Beijing after about 2 months of siege of the city during the Boxer Rebellion
• August 14, 1935
  The Social Security Act, signed by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, creates the Social Security system and introduces federal assistance for the elderly
• August 14, 1941
  US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill create the Atlantic Charter, the basis for their wartime alliance, pledging to seek to gain no territory and desire no territory changes outside of the choices of people
• August 14, 1947
  The Muslim majority region, formed by the Partition of India, gain independence from the British Empire as Dominion of Pakistan, which results in the largest mass migration in human history
• August 14, 1971
  Bahrain declares its independence from Britain
• August 14, 1971
  British begin internment without trial in Northern Ireland

August 13

• August 13, 604
  Chinese emperor Wen is murdered by Yang, his son, who succeeds the throne
• August 13, 1415
  King Henry V of England takes his army across the English Channel and lays siege on Port Harfleur in Normandy
• August 13, 1521
  Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortez conquers the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan, modern-day Mexico City, after an 85-day battle and completes conquest of Aztec Empire
• August 13, 1624
  French King Louis XIII names Cardinal Richelieu his first minister who becomes the world's first Prime Minister and begins to transform France into a centralized state
• August 13, 1630
  Emperor Frederick II fires Albrecht von Wallenstein, his best military commander
• August 13, 1642
  Christiaan Huygens, a prominent Dutch mathematician, discovers the Martian south polar cap
• August 13, 1645
  At Brömsebro peace is signed between Sweden and Denmark. Sweden gains the islands of Gotland and Halland from Denmark, Norway cedes to Sweden the northern provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen
• August 13, 1704
  The Battle of Blenheim, the turning point of the War of the Spanish Succession, results in decisive English and Austrian forces victory under Prince Eugene of Savoy and Duke of Marlborough over the Franco-Bavarian army
• August 13, 1787
  The Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, Yakov Bulgakov, is thrown into prison and the Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia starting the Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792
• August 13, 1792
  Louis XVI of France is declared an enemy of the people and imprisoned with the French royal family, including Marie Antoinette, by revolutionaries
• August 13, 1814
  Netherland is signed to stop the transport of slaves and returns its colonial possessions before the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars by Treaty of London
• August 13, 1826
  Alexander Gordon Laing, British Army Major, crosses on camel the Sahara Desert from Tripoli and becomes the first European to enter the fabled city of Timbuktu in Mali
• August 13, 1849
  Hungary's General Artúr Görgey surrender to the Russian forces, who invaded Hungary to help Austrian Empire in struggle against Hungarian rebellions
• August 13, 1868
  In Arica, Peru, a magnitude 8.5-9.0 earthquake occurs, with catastrophic tsunamis killing 25,000 in South America
• August 13, 1876
  Richard Wagner's monumental epic, "Der Ring des Nibelungen" is first performed in its entirety at the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Bavaria, Germany
• August 13, 1898
  Manila, the capital of the Philippines, falls to the United States Army under Admiral George Dewey
• August 13, 1913
  Harry Brearley, an English metallurgist, produces the first stainless steel
• August 13, 1918
  Bayerische Motoren Werke AG is established as a public company for aircraft-engine production in Germany
• August 13, 1923
  Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is elected president of the newly established Republic of Turkey
• August 13, 1960
  Central African Republic proclaims independence from France
• August 13, 1961
  The units of the East German army close the border and begin building of the Berlin Wall

August 10

• August 10, 843
  Sons of Louis the Pious divide Charlemagne's Empire by Treaty of Verdun, so Charles the Bald receives the western portion, which later became France, Louis the German get eastern lands, later the medieval kingdom of Germany, and Lothair I receives the central part
• August 10, 1497
  John Cabot told King Henry VII of his trip to "Asia" after his return from his first successful journey to the Labrador coast
• August 10, 1500
  Portuguese explorer Diogo Dias discovers Madagascar
• August 10, 1539
  King Francis I of France signs edict known as Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, declaring that all official documents are to be written in French, not Latin
• August 10, 1557
  Spanish and English troops in alliance defeat the French at the Battle of St. Quentin (San Quintino)
• August 10, 1582
  Russia ends its 25-year war with Poland and cedes Livonia and Estonia to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth losing access to the Baltic
• August 10, 1627
  Cardinal Richelieu begins a siege to Protestant La Rochelle, a Huguenot stronghold
• August 10, 1628
  The Swedish 69-meter warship Vasa capsizes and sinks in Stockholm harbor on her maiden voyage because the ballast is insufficient to counterweight the 64 guns and ballast
• August 10, 1675
  King of England Charles II lays the foundation stone of Royal Observatory in Greenwich, an important institution in the history of astronomy and navigation
• August 10, 1678
  The Treaty of Nijmegen ends the hostilities with France and gives to France control over the region of the Franche-Comté
• August 10, 1680
  In New Mexico Popé, a Tewa religious leader, leads rebellion of Pueblo Indians against Spaniads
• August 10, 1755
  The Great Upheaval, forced population transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, begins
• August 10, 1779
  Louis XVI of France frees the last remaining serfs on royal land
• August 10, 1787
  Mozart completes his composition Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
• August 10, 1792
  Some 20,000 Parisians attack the Tuileries palace of Louis XVI at the instigation of Georges Jacques Danton and massacre some 600 guardsmen after Louis orders his Swiss guard to stop firing on the people
• August 10, 1809
  Quito, the seat of a real audiencia of Spain in modern-day Ecuador, declares independence from Spain
• August 10, 1861
  Union general Nathaniel Lyon the first Union general to be killed in the American Civil War, at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in Missouri, which ends with a Confederate victory
• August 10, 1913
  Second Balkan War ends with Treaty of Bucharest, which confirms territorial acquisitions of Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria at the expense of Ottoman Empire during the First and Second Balkan Wars
• August 10, 1927
  United States President Calvin Coolidge formally dedicates the Mount Rushmore site
• August 10, 2010
  The World Health Organization declares the H1N1 influenza pandemic over, saying worldwide flu activity has returned to typical seasonal patterns

August 1

• August 1, 527
  Justin I, Byzantine emperor, dies. Justinian I leaves the sole Eastern Roman Emperor and declares his wife Theodora empress
• August 1, 902
  Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya, modern day Tunisia, capture the last major Byzantine stronghold on the island, Taormina, completing Muslim conquest of Sicily
• August 1, 1096
  The crusaders under Peter the Hermit reached Constantinople during People's Crusade
• August 1, 1291
  The Everlasting League are formed from three small cantons becoming the basis of Swiss Confederation
• August 1, 1464
  Piero de Medici succeeded his father, Cosimo, as ruler of Florence, after death of latter
• August 1, 1514
  Vasily III, ruler of Moscow, captures Smolensk from Grand Duchy of Lithuania during Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
• August 1, 1588
  Sir Francis Drake captures the Rosario, one of the largest Spanish Armada galleons
• August 1, 1664
  The Turkish army is defeated by French and German troops in Battle of St. Gotthard, Hungary, which becomes the key episode of the Austro–Turkish War of 1663–64
• August 1, 1672
  King Charles II demonetizes copper tokens and announces copper farthings and halfpence will be minted
• August 1, 1689
  Siege of Derry, Ireland, by the Catholic Army of King James II ends in failure after
• August 1, 1714
  After death of Queen Anne, Elector of Hanover George I accesses the throne of Great Britain and becomes the first King of England from Hanoverian dynasty which ruled to 1901
• August 1, 1759
  British and Hanoverian armies defeat the French at the Battle of Minden, Germany
• August 1, 1774
  Joseph Priestley, English natural philosopher and chemist, succeeds in isolating oxygen from air by focusing the sun’s rays on a sample of mercuric oxide, and calls the new gas "dephlogisticated air"
• August 1, 1794
  Whiskey Rebellion, a tax protest in the United States, begins
• August 1, 1798
  Admiral Horatio Nelson's fleet of 14 ships routes the French fleet capturing six and destroying seven of the 17 French vessels in the Battle of the Nile at Aboukir Bay, Egypt
• August 1, 1808
  Joachim Murat, French marshal and Napoleon's brother in law, becomes king of Naples and Sicily
• August 1, 1820
  13.8 kilometer-long Regent's Canal opens in London for commercial cargo transfer
• August 1, 1831
  London Bridge is opened to traffic instead of demolished old bridge
• August 1, 1834
  The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 goes into effect abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire: in Canada, in the West Indies and in all Caribbean holdings
• August 1, 1894
  The First Sino-Japanese War between Japan and China over control of Korea is officially declared
• August 1, 1914
  Germany mobilize and declare war on Russia after the last refuse Kaiser Wilhelm II' demand to suspend the Russian general mobilization during the First World War
• August 1, 1934
  United States occupation of Haiti ends after Franklin D. Roosevelt reaffirms an August 1933 disengagement agreement
• August 1, 1941
  The first Jeep car is produced
• August 1, 1971
  The Concert for Bangladesh, a benefit concert to fund relief efforts for refugees from East Pakistan, is organised by former Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison

July 28

• July 28, 1148
  The siege of city of Damascus by a combined force of crusaders fails ending in a decisive crusader defeat in Second Crusade
• July 28, 1540
  Thomas Cromwell, King Henry VIII's chief minister, is executed
• July 28, 1576
  Martin Frobisher, English navigator, discovers Frobisher Bay in Canada
• July 28, 1751
  In France the first volume of the Encyclopedie, edited by Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, is published with a print run of 1,625
• July 28, 1794
  French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre and 22 other followers are executed to thunderous cheers, marking end of the Reign of Terror, a period of violence against counter-revolutionary activities
• July 28, 1809
  Arthur Wellesley leads the Anglo-Spanish army to triumph against a French army under the Spanish King Joseph Bonaparte at Talavera de la Reina, some 120 kilometers southwest of Madrid
• July 28, 1821
  Peru declares its independence from Spain
• July 29, 1830
  Bourbon monarchy is overthrown during the July Revolution after attempt of Charles X to limit the political and civil rights, so the ascent of his cousin Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, becomes constitutional monarch of France
• July 28, 1851
  Total solar eclipse is captured on a daguerreotype photograph at at the Royal Observatory in Königsberg, Prussia
• July 28, 1914
  Austria-Hungary invade the Kingdom of Serbia after the last reject an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia including demand of the person who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, starting World War I
• July 28, 1914
  The Foxtrot is first danced by Harry Fox at New Amsterdam Roof Garden, New York City
• July 28, 1915
  United States marines land in Haiti to safeguard the interests of U.S. corporations, staring almost 20-years-long occupation of Haiti
• July 28, 1932
  U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army to forcibly evict the Bonus Army of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C., demanding the immediate payment of their military bonus

July 26

• July 26, 657
  Battle of Siffin occurs between Governor of Syria Muawiyah I and Rashidun Caliphate during the first Muslim civil war
• July 26, 811
  The Bulgarian under monarch Krum beat the Byzantines at the Battle at Pliska and kill Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I
• July 26, 1529
  Francisco Pizarro is made governor for life and captain-general in New Spain
• July 26, 1758
  British battle fleet under General James Wolfe capture France's Fortress of Louisbourg on Ile Royale in Nova Scotia after a 7-week siege, thus gaining control of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River
• July 26, 1759
  The French relinquish Fort Carillon in Ticonderoga, New York, to the British under General Jeffrey Amherst
• July 26, 1775
  The Continental Congress established a postal system for the colonies with Benjamin Franklin as the first postmaster general in Philadelphia
• July 26, 1794
  The French defeat an Austrian army at the Battle of Fleurus in France
• July 26, 1830
  King Charles X of France issues five ordinances limiting the political and civil rights of citizens triggering July Revolution
• July 26, 1847
  Liberia becomes the first African colony to become an independent state after Declaration of Independence from American Colonization Society, and promulgate a constitution based on the political principles denoted in the United States Constitution
• July 26, 1848
  Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention in the United States, sign the Declaration of Sentiments written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which leads to the battle for suffrage and women's legal rights
• July 26, 1953
  Fidel Castro leads attack on Moncada Barracks, beginning Cuban revolution
• July 26, 1956
  Egypt nationalize Suez Canal, triggering Suez Crisis
• July 26, 1957
  USSR launches the first intercontinental multistage ballistic missile, R-7 Semyorka
• July 26, 1963
  Syncom 2, the first geostationary satellite, is launched from Cape Canaveral, United States
• July 26, 1965
  Republic of Maldives gains independence from Britain

July 25

• July 25, 306
  After death of the Augustus of the West Constantius Chlorus in Britain, Severus is promoted from Caesar to Emperor by Emperor Galerius, while the troops at Eburacum proclaim Constantius' son, Constantine, which marks start of Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
• July 25, 1564
  Emperor Ferdinand I dies and is succeeded by his son Maximilian II
• July 25, 1587
  Japanese shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi bans Christianity in Japan and orders all Christians to leave
• July 25, 1593
  Henry IV, France's Protestant King, converts to Catholicism to secure the French crown
• July 25, 1729
  North Carolina separates from Province of Carolina and becomes royal colony
• July 25, 1799
  On his way back from Syria, Napoleon Bonaparte defeat superior Ottoman forces at Battle of Abukir, which temporarily secures French control over Egypt and makes Napoleon more popular in France
• July 25, 1826
  Five members of Decembrist Revolt in Russia are executed by hanging in Saint Petersburg
• July 25, 1837
  Between Euston and Camden Town in London, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone successfully demonstrate the first commercial use of an electric telegraph
• July 25, 1894
  Japanese forces sink the British steamer Kowshing bringing Chinese reinforcements to Korea, which becomes the first naval battle of the First Sino-Japanese War
• July 25, 1909
  Louis Blériot of France makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine, in 37 minutes
• July 25, 1934
  Austrian Nazis assassinate Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss of Austria during a failed coup attempt
• July 25, 1957
  Monarchy in Tunisia abolished in favor of a republic and the beylical office is terminated
• July 25, 1978
  Louise Brown, a British citizen, becomes the first "test tube baby", human born through in vitro fertilization
• July 25, 2000
  Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde scheduled from Paris to New York City crashes into a hotel in nearby Gonesse hundred passengers and nine crew members aboard after ignition of fuel tanks, which becomes the only fatal Concorde accident
• July 25, 2007
  Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president
• July 25, 2010
  Wikileaks, an online publisher of anonymous, covert, and classified material, leaks to the public over 90,000 internal reports about the United States-led involvement in the War in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010

July 24

• July 24, 356 BC
  Herostratus, inhabitant of Ephesus, ancient city in Greece, now Turkey, burns down the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, in order to become famous
• July 24, 1534
  French navigator Jacques Cartier, traveling to discover a western passage to the markets of Asia, lands in Canada and claims it for France
• July 24, 1567
  In Loch Leven Castle prison, Queen of Scots Mary, is forced to abdicate her throne to her one-year-old son James VI
• July 24, 1651
  Anthony Johnson, an Angolan black, who achieved freedom, receives grant of 250 acres in Virginia and becomes a property owner and slaveholder
• July 24, 1701
  Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac establishes Fort Ponchartrain for France on the future site of the city of Detroit, Michigan, in an attempt to halt the advance of the English into the western Great Lakes region
• July 24, 1704
  Admiral George Rooke with an Anglo-Dutch fleet takes Gibraltar from the Spanish in the War of Spanish Succession
• July 24, 1766
  At Fort Ontario, Canada, Ottawa chief Pontiac and William Johnson sign a peace agreement formally ending the Pontiac's War
• July 24, 1779
  The Siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish and French is begun
• July 24, 1783
  Georgia becomes a protectorate of tsarist Russia
• July 24, 1791
  Maximilien de Robespierre expels all Jacobins opposed to the principles of the French Revolution
• July 24, 1847
  Mormon leader Brigham Young and his followers, the first members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints arrive in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah
• July 24, 1883
  Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the English Channel, drowns while trying to swim across the Niagara River just below the falls
• July 24, 1911
  American historian Hiram Bingham III with help of local farmer Melchor Arteaga re-discovers Machu Picchu, "the Lost City of the Incas", bringing it to international attention
• July 24, 1923
  Treaty of Lausanne, signed by representatives from the Great Britain, France, Italy and Turkey, leads to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey"
• July 24, 1924
  FIDE, The World Chess Federation is founded as a kind of players' union in Paris, France
• July 24, 1959
  US Vice President Richard Nixon argues with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow, known as "Kitchen Debate"

July 22

• July 22, 1298
  King Edward I combines bowmen and cavalry to defeat William Wallace's Scots at Falkirk
• July 22, 1306
  Philip IV of France seizes all Jewish property and expels about 100,000 men from France
• July 22, 1456
  At the Battle of Belgrade, the Hungarian army under prince Janos Hunyadi beat sultan Mehmed II ending the siege of Belgrade with fail
• July 22, 1587
  A second English colony of 114-150 people under John White, financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, is established on Roanoke Island off North Carolina
• July 22, 1620
  The Pilgrims, early English settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, United States, set out from Holland destined for the New World via Southampton in England
• July 22, 1652
  Prince Conde's rebels narrowly defeat Chief Minister Mazarin's loyalist forces at St. Martin, near Paris
• July 22, 1745
  Second Jacobite Rebellion begins by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland
• July 22, 1795
  Spain sign the Peace of Basel, a treaty with France ending the War of the Pyrenees and ceding Santo Domingo to France
• July 22, 1796
  Cleveland, Ohio, is founded by General Moses Cleaveland while surveying the land
• July 22, 1802
  A British exploring party led by Matthew Flinders set sail from Sydney to make the first circumnavigation of the Australia and identify it as a continent
• July 22, 1812
  English troops under the Duke of Wellington defeats the French at the Battle of Salamanca in Spain
• July 22, 1864
  The Battle of Atlanta reachs its peak when Confederate General John Bell Hood launches an all-out attack on Union General William T. Sherman's Army
• July 22, 1894
  The first major automobile race with prizes and a promoter is organized as a reliability trial by Le Petit Journal of Paris on the 78-kilometer route between Paris and Rouen, France
• July 22, 1972
  Venera 8 lands on Venus
• July 22, 1994
  Shoemaker-Levy Comet strikes Jupiter
• July 22, 2011
  Anders Behring Breivik kills 77 people in twin terrorist attacks in Norway after a bombing in the Regjeringskvartalet government center in Oslo and a shooting at a political youth camp on the island of Utøya