March 9

• March 9, 1451
  Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, is born in Florence
• March 9, 1529
  Imam Ahmad Gragn defeats the Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II in the Battle of Shimbra Kure, the opening clash of the Ethiopian–Adal War
• March 9, 1617
  The Treaty of Stolbovo between Sweden and Russia, with English mediation, ends the occupation of Northern Russia by Swedish troops
• March 9, 1701
  In Biržai Augustus II and Russia's Czar Peter I sign a pact in the castle to unite their forces against Sweden
• March 9, 1734
  The Russians take Gdańsk in Poland during War of the Polish Succession
• March 9, 1792
  Speculator William Duer defaults on Hamilton's freshly exchanged "Stock in the Public Funds" and causes the first American stock market crash
• March 9, 1796
  Napoleon Bonaparte marries Joséphine de Beauharnais in Paris
• March 9, 1847
  United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico almost with no resistance and start a 20-day siege of Veracruz, the key Mexican seaport
• March 9, 1932
  Éamon de Valera becomes President of the Executive Council, or prime minister, of the Irish Free State
• March 9, 1933
  United States Congress passes the Emergency Banking Act, authorizing the President to confiscate gold held by American citizens, except those coins of numismatic value, to be paid $20 in paper per ounce
• March 9, 1942
  Dutch colonial authorities and all Allied forces in the Netherlands East Indies surrender unconditionally to Japan
• March 9, 1953
  Some hundreds people are killed during the stampede at funeral of Josef Stalin in Moscow
• March 9, 1959
  The first Barbie doll, Mattel's "Barbie Millicent Roberts", goes on display at the American Toy Fair in New York City and becomes the first mass-produced toy doll in the United States with adult features
• March 9, 1974
  Hiroo Onoda, the last Japanese soldier, a guerrilla operating in Philippines, surrenders, 29 years after World War II ended
• March 9, 1991
  Two people are killed during massive demonstrations held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade, Yugoslavia
• March 9, 1992
  The People's Republic of China ratifies the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty