August 1

• August 1, 527
  Justin I, Byzantine emperor, dies. Justinian I leaves the sole Eastern Roman Emperor and declares his wife Theodora empress
• August 1, 902
  Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya, modern day Tunisia, capture the last major Byzantine stronghold on the island, Taormina, completing Muslim conquest of Sicily
• August 1, 1096
  The crusaders under Peter the Hermit reached Constantinople during People's Crusade
• August 1, 1291
  The Everlasting League are formed from three small cantons becoming the basis of Swiss Confederation
• August 1, 1464
  Piero de Medici succeeded his father, Cosimo, as ruler of Florence, after death of latter
• August 1, 1514
  Vasily III, ruler of Moscow, captures Smolensk from Grand Duchy of Lithuania during Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
• August 1, 1588
  Sir Francis Drake captures the Rosario, one of the largest Spanish Armada galleons
• August 1, 1664
  The Turkish army is defeated by French and German troops in Battle of St. Gotthard, Hungary, which becomes the key episode of the Austro–Turkish War of 1663–64
• August 1, 1672
  King Charles II demonetizes copper tokens and announces copper farthings and halfpence will be minted
• August 1, 1689
  Siege of Derry, Ireland, by the Catholic Army of King James II ends in failure after
• August 1, 1714
  After death of Queen Anne, Elector of Hanover George I accesses the throne of Great Britain and becomes the first King of England from Hanoverian dynasty which ruled to 1901
• August 1, 1759
  British and Hanoverian armies defeat the French at the Battle of Minden, Germany
• August 1, 1774
  Joseph Priestley, English natural philosopher and chemist, succeeds in isolating oxygen from air by focusing the sun’s rays on a sample of mercuric oxide, and calls the new gas "dephlogisticated air"
• August 1, 1794
  Whiskey Rebellion, a tax protest in the United States, begins
• August 1, 1798
  Admiral Horatio Nelson's fleet of 14 ships routes the French fleet capturing six and destroying seven of the 17 French vessels in the Battle of the Nile at Aboukir Bay, Egypt
• August 1, 1808
  Joachim Murat, French marshal and Napoleon's brother in law, becomes king of Naples and Sicily
• August 1, 1820
  13.8 kilometer-long Regent's Canal opens in London for commercial cargo transfer
• August 1, 1831
  London Bridge is opened to traffic instead of demolished old bridge
• August 1, 1834
  The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 goes into effect abolishing slavery throughout the British Empire: in Canada, in the West Indies and in all Caribbean holdings
• August 1, 1894
  The First Sino-Japanese War between Japan and China over control of Korea is officially declared
• August 1, 1914
  Germany mobilize and declare war on Russia after the last refuse Kaiser Wilhelm II' demand to suspend the Russian general mobilization during the First World War
• August 1, 1934
  United States occupation of Haiti ends after Franklin D. Roosevelt reaffirms an August 1933 disengagement agreement
• August 1, 1941
  The first Jeep car is produced
• August 1, 1971
  The Concert for Bangladesh, a benefit concert to fund relief efforts for refugees from East Pakistan, is organised by former Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison

July 16

• July 16, 276
  Marcus Annius Florianus, emperor of Rome, is murdered
• July 16, 1099
  Crusaders herded the Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue and set it afire during massacre
• July 16, 1212
  Spanish Christians under Alfonso VIII of Castile and Sancho VII of Navarre succeed in defeating the Moors at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which becomes an turning point in the Reconquista and marks the end of Muslim power in Spain
• July 16, 1548
  La Paz, the seat of government of Bolivia, is founded by Spanish conquistadors
• July 16, 1647
  Masaniello, an Italian fisherman, is murdered in Naples after leading a doomed revolt against Habsburg rule
• July 16, 1769
  Father Junípero Serra, a Spanish Franciscan friar, founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, the first mission in California
• July 16, 1774
  Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, ending their six-year war and bringing Russia for the first time to the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians
• July 16, 1801
  Pope Pius VII and First consul Napoleon sign Concordat of 1801, which solidifies the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France, but maintains religious freedom
• July 16, 1809
  The city of La Paz, modern Bolivia, proclaims independence, which becomes the earliest step of the Spanish American wars of independence
• July 16, 1867
  Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patents reinforced concrete, initially developed to strengthen flowerpots
• July 16, 1918
  Russian tzar Nicholas II, his tsarina and their five children are executed by Bolsheviks by the order of Vladimir Lenin to prevent the rescue of the Imperial Family by approaching White forces during the Russian Civil War
• July 16, 1927
  Augusto Cesar Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary, begins 5.5-year war against United States occupation of Nicaragua
• July 16, 1941
  A large pocket of 16th, 19th, and 20th Armies of Soviet Union are encircled in Smolensk by the two German Panzer Groups
• July 16, 1945
  The United States successfully tests the first plutonium atomic bomb, at the Alamogordo airbase in New Mexico
• July 16, 1979
  Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam Hussein replaces him
• July 16, 1980
  1980 Summer Olympics, boycotted by 65 countries because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, is opened

April 28

• April 28, 357
  Roman Emperor Constantius II visits Rome for the first time and only time in his life
• April 28, 1202
  King Philip II of France throws out King of England John, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century
• April 28, 1253
  Nichiren, a Buddhist monk, establishes a new sect of Buddhism, Nichiren Buddhism
• March 30, 1282
  Inhabitants in Palermo massacres French occupation forces in Sicily after a Frenchman harassed a woman, beginning the War of the Sicilian Vespers
• April 28, 1376
  Good Parliament, the longest Parliament up until that time, begin to work
• April 28, 1503
  Spain defeats France at the Battle of Cerignola, which considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms (arquebus) and mark end of period of knighthood in Europe
• April 28, 1628
  King Kristian IV of Denmark signs a three year alliance with Sweden. Both powers agree to come to the defense of Stralsund if attacked
• April 28, 1738
  Pope Clement XII issues the Eminenti Apostolatus Specula prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons, the first papal decree against the Freemasons
• April 28, 1760
  French forces besieging Quebec defeat the British in the Battle of Sainte-Foy
• April 28, 1789
  Fletcher Christian, master's mate on board HMS Bounty, leads a mutiny on the ship as the crew of the British ship set Captain William Bligh and 18 sailors adrift in a launch in the South Pacific
• April 28, 1818
  President Monroe proclaims naval disarmament on Great Lakes and Lake Champlain
• April 28, 1819
  In India a British hunting party discovers the painted caves at Ajanta
• April 28, 1914
  American engineer Willis Carrier patents air conditioner
• April 28, 1925
  Netherlands and Great Britain return to gold standard
• April 28, 1935
  Moscow Metro, the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union, opens
• April 28, 1945
  Benito Mussolini is executed near Lake Como by Italian partisans while attempt to escape north
• April 28, 1967
  Expo 67, the most attendees World Fair, opens in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• April 28, 1969
  Charles de Gaulle resigns as President of France after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization
• April 28, 1992
  The two remaining countries of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro - form a new state, named the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• April 28, 2004
  30 St Mary Axe, commercial skyscraper, also known as The Gherkin, opens in London and becomes one of the most recognised examples of contemporary architecture

April 5

• April 5, 1242
  At the Battle on the Ice the Republic of Novgorod under 20-year-old Prince Alexander Nevsky defeat the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights halting the Northern Crusades directed against pagans and Eastern Orthodox Christians
• April 5, 1462
  Ivan III becomes the Grand Prince of Moscow starting the uniting Russia
• April 5, 1614
  American Indian princess Pocahontas, daughter of chief Powhatan, marries English Jamestown colonist John Rolfe in Virginia, bringing a temporary peace between the English settlers and the Algonquians
• April 5, 1632
  The Swedish and Imperial armies exchange cannon fire for six hours, killing 2000 of the Swedish force, and 3000 of the Imperial force. Tilly is fatally wounded; Maximilian and the army escape during the night to Ingolstadt
• April 5, 1648
  Spanish troops and feudal barons struck down people's uprising in Naples
• April 5, 1722
  Jacob Roggeveen, a Dutch explorer sent to find Terra Australis, discovers on Easter Sunday a Polynesian Island 1400 miles from the coast of South America and names it Easter Island
• April 5, 1762
  British take Grenada, West Indies, from French
• April 5, 1768
  The world's oldest English-speaking chamber of commerce forms in New York City, New York
• April 5, 1794
  Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader, is guillotined along with Marie-Jean Herault de Sechelles, French author, politician, and Camille Desmoulins, popular journalist during French Reign of Terror
• April 5, 1795
  Treaty of Basel between Prussia and France marks end of First Coalition in French Revolutionary Wars
• April 5, 1856
  Booker T. Washington, an African-American educator, is born in Franklin County, Virginia
• April 5, 1933
  United States President Franklin Roosevelt issues Executive Order 6102, requiring public to turn in gold certificates, bullion, and coins for placement in the Federal Reserve
• April 5, 1939
  Membership in Hitler Youth, the youth organization of the Nazi Party, becomes obligatory in Germany
• April 5, 1951
  American communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are sentenced to death for espionage and transmitting nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union, becoming the only two American civilians to be executed for espionage during the Cold War
• April 5, 1974
  World's tallest building, the World Trade Center opens in New York City

March 27

• March 27, 922
  Mansur Al-Hallaj, a Persian mystic, is beheaded at age 64 in Baghdad for pronouncing in the midst of a trance that he was the truth, i.e god
• March 27, 1350
  Alfonso XI of Castile dies of the black death while besieging Gibraltar
• March 27, 1668
  English King Charles II gives Bombay to East India Company
• March 27, 1713
  Spain losses Minorca, one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea during War of the Spanish Succession
• March 27, 1790
  Shoelaces are invented in England
• March 27, 1802
  France, Netherlands, Spain and England signs Treaty of Amiens which ends the War of the Second Coalition and the French Revolutionary War
• March 27, 1899
  The first international radio transmission between England and France was achieved by the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi
• March 27, 1914
  First successful non-direct blood transfusion is performed by Albert Hustin in Brussels, Belgium
• March 27, 1933
  Polyethylene is discovered by Reginald Gibson and Eric William Fawcett by accident in Northwich, England
• March 27, 1964
  United Nations' troops arrive on Cyprus due to intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot
• March 27, 1968
  Yuri Gagarin, the first human to journey into outer space, dies while on a routine training flight
• March 27, 1972
  Addis Ababa Agreement marks end of First Sudanese Civil War
• March 27, 1989
  Boris Yeltsin to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union as the delegate from Moscow district in the first free elections for the Soviet parliament go against the Communist Party
• March 27, 1996
  Because of mad cow disease the European Commission stops the import of British beef
• March 27, 1998
  The US Food and Drug Administration approves Viagra, also known as Sildenafil, for use as a treatment for male sexual impotence, the first pill to be approved for this condition in the United States
• March 27, 2007
  Prime Minister of Latvia Aigars Kalvitis and Prime Minister of Russia Mikhail Fradkov finally signs a border treaty between Latvia and Russia

March 10

• March 10, 1198
  Giralda, a bell tower in Seville, Spain, is built as a Muslim minaret
• March 10, 1734
  Spanish army under Charles III of Spain draws into Naples
• March 10, 1762
  Jean Calas, a French protestant, is tortured and executed in Toulouse on the charge that he has killed his son to prevent him from converting to Catholicismm, who actually made a suicide
• March 10, 1793
  After the failure of the French arms in the Austrian Netherlands the National Convention decrees on a proposal by Georges Danton that there should be established in Paris an extraordinary criminal tribunal, later received the official name of the Revolutionary Tribunal
• March 10, 1814
  Napoleon Bonaparte is defeated by a combined Allied Army at the battle of Laon, in France
• March 10, 1820
  Royal Astronomical Society is founded in England
• March 10, 1826
  Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, attains the Portuguese throne
• March 10, 1862
  First U.S. paper money are issued without the backing of precious metals in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1000
• March 10, 1876
  Alexander Graham Bell makes the first telephone call and tells his assistant over the experimental device, which converts words into electrical current and back again, "Mister Watson, come here, I want to see you"
• March 10, 1889
  In Ethiopia Emperor Yohannes IV is killed in a war against the dervishes during the Battle of Gallabat
• March 10, 1952
  Military coup by General Fulgencio Batista occurs in Cuba
• March 10, 1959
  300,000 Tibetans band together in revolt, surrounding the Norbulinka Palace of the Dalai Lama in defiance of Chinese occupation forces
• March 10, 1985
  Konstantin Chernenko, party leader and President of USSR, dies at age 73

February 22

• February 22, 700
  The Maya city-state of Coba conquer another city Yaxuna, beginning the building a 100 km Sacbe, or raised road, to connect the two cities, the longest road in the Maya Civilization
• February 22, 896
  Pope Formosa crowns king French emperor Arnulf of Carinthia
• February 22, 1071
  Robert I, Count of Flanders, beats his nephew, Arnulf III at the Battle of Cassel
• February 22, 1281
  Simon de Brion is elected Pope Martin IV
• February 22, 1349
  Jews are expelled from Zurich, Switzerland
• February 22, 1358
  Jacquerie peasant insurrection begins in northern France
• February 22, 1371
  David II Bruce, king of Scotland, dies
• February 22, 1495
  French King Charles VIII enters Naples to claim the crown
• February 22, 1512
  Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, dies at age 61 in Seville, Spain
• February 22, 1632
  Galileo's 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems' is published with the full backing of the church censors
• February 22, 1700
  Augustus II, elector of Saxony and King of Poland, with the Saxon army attacks and lays siege of Swedish controlled Riga starting the Great Northern War
• February 22, 1744
  French-Spanish face the English fleet of Admiral Matthews in the Battle at Toulon
• February 22, 1797
  French forces attack Britain at the port of Fishguard in Wales
• February 22, 1819
  Spanish minister Luis de Onís and U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams sign the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain agrees to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida
• February 22, 1821
  The Adams-Onis Treaty becomes final, whereby Spain gives up all of Florida to the US, and the boundary between Mexico and the Louisiana Purchase is established
• February 22, 1825
  Russia and Britain establish the Alaska/Canada boundary
• February 22, 1861
  Jefferson Davis is sworn in as the permanent president of the Confederate States of America in Richmond, Virginia
• February 22, 1881
  Cleopatra's Needle, a red granite Egyptian obelisk, made during the reign of pharaoh Thutmose III, is erected in Central Park, New York
• February 22, 1924
  The U.S. Congress grants citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S
• February 22, 1967
  25,000 American and South Vietnamese troops launch Operation Junction City, offensive to smash Viet Cong stronghold near Cambodian border
• February 22, 1987
  Andy Warhol, an American artist and leading figure in pop art, dies
• February 22, 1994
  Aldrich Ames, who compromised the second-largest number of CIA agents, and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice
• February 22, 1997
  In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996
• February 22, 2005
  More than 500 people are killed and over 1,000 injured after entire villages are flattened in an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter scale in the Zarand region of Kerman province in southern Iran