July 20

• July 20, 1054
  Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicates the Bishop of Rome after legates of Pope Leo IX deposited a bull of excommunication on the altar during liturgy in the Hagia Sophia, which becomes the final step in the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches
• July 20, 1402
  In the Battle of Ankara the Turko-Mongol forces, led by Timur, the founder of Timurid Empire, defeat the Ottoman Turks and capture Sultan Bayezid I, which causes a period of crisis for the Ottoman Empire
• July 20, 1715
  The Riot Act, which authorizes local authorities to declare any group of twelve or more people to be unlawfully assembled, goes into effect in England
• July 20, 1740
  British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida fails after loss to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine
• July 20, 1810
  Colombia declares independence from Spain
• July 20, 1877
  Russian forces begins siege of Plevna during the Russo-Turkish War
• July 20, 1881
  Sioux Indian leader Sitting Bull, a fugitive since the Battle of the Little Big Horn, surrenders to federal troops
• July 20, 1903
  Giuseppe Sarto is elected Pope Pius X
• July 20, 1949
  Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria sign armistice agreement with Israel ending 19-month war of independence
• July 20, 1951
  King Abdullah I bin al-Hussein of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian in Jerusalem
• July 20, 1956
  France recognizes Tunisia's independence
• July 20, 1974
  Turkey invades Cyprus starting occupation of northern Cyprus to prevent Greek takeover of island
• July 20, 2001
  During the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy, massive demonstrations are held against the meeting by anti-globalisation groups, and pne demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is shot dead by a carabiniere