July 27

• July 27, 1214
  Philip II of France decisively defeats Emperor Otto IV at battle of Bouvines confirming French conquest of Normandy and other English territories
• July 27, 1245
  Pope Innocent IV pronounces the deposition of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II at First Council of Lyons
• July 27, 1299
  The Ottoman Empire is founded by leader Turkic tribe Osman I, who announces the independence of small principality from the Seljuk Sultanate
• July 27, 1586
  Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England from colony of Virginia with the samples of tobacco
• July 27, 1663
  British Parliament passes a second Navigation Act, requiring all goods bound for the colonies be sent in British ships from British ports
• July 27, 1689
  Jacobite Scottish Highlanders defeat royal force at Killiecrankie during Jacobite Rising
• July 27, 1694
  The Bank of England, one of the oldest central banks in the world, receives a royal charter as a commercial institution to provide war finance to the government
• July 27, 1789
  President Washington signs a measure establishing the Department of Foreign Affairs, forerunner of the Department of State and the first established executive department
• July 27, 1794
  French revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre was overthrown and placed under arrest
• July 27, 1866
  Successful transatlantic telegraph cable, laid by Massachusetts merchant and financier Cyrus West Field, follows an earlier attempt in 1858, allowing transatlantic telegraph communication
• July 27, 1880
  In the Battle of Maiwand, which ends with British defeat, an Afghan woman named Malalai carries the Afghan flag forward after the soldiers carrying the flag were killed by the British, becoming a heroine for her show of courage
• July 27, 1890
  Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh fatally shoots himself in Auvers-sur-Oise, France
• July 27, 1921
  Researchers at the University of Toronto led by biochemist Frederick Banting announce the discovery of the hormone insulin, which enables an effective treatment for diabetes
• July 27, 1944
  United States regains possession of Guam from Japanese
• July 27, 1953
  The United Nations Command, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement to end the Korean War and established the Korean Demilitarized Zone, de facto a new border between the two nations
• July 27, 1954
  The world's first nuclear power plant generates electricity by nuclear power, at Obninsk, Soviet Union
• July 27, 1976
  In Tangshan, China, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurs and becomes, the second greatest earthquake in recorded history, with official casualty figure 255,000 deaths
• July 27, 1990
  Belarus declares itself sovereign by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
• July 27, 1993
  Cuban athlete Javier Sotomayor makes jump of 2.45 meters and sets new world record in the high jump
• July 27, 2002
  A Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes at an air show in Ukraine, killing 77 spectators and injuring more than 100 others and becomes the largest air show disaster in history